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The Database Environment

1) A database is an organized collection of data stored and accessed electronically. Using a database management system (DBMS) avoids problems with file-based data like redundancy, data integrity issues, and lack of data sharing. 2) Key benefits of the database approach include program-data independence, improved data sharing, data integrity, and central administration of standards and security. Costs include upfront installation and conversion costs as well as need for specialized personnel. 3) Databases range from personal to workgroup to enterprise-wide. Components include the DBMS, database, applications, users, administrators, developers, and repository for metadata.

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Aizel Almonte
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59 views19 pages

The Database Environment

1) A database is an organized collection of data stored and accessed electronically. Using a database management system (DBMS) avoids problems with file-based data like redundancy, data integrity issues, and lack of data sharing. 2) Key benefits of the database approach include program-data independence, improved data sharing, data integrity, and central administration of standards and security. Costs include upfront installation and conversion costs as well as need for specialized personnel. 3) Databases range from personal to workgroup to enterprise-wide. Components include the DBMS, database, applications, users, administrators, developers, and repository for metadata.

Uploaded by

Aizel Almonte
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1:

The Database Environment

Modern Database Management


Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott, Fred R.
McFadden

1
Definitions
 Data: Meaningful facts, text, graphics,
images, sound, video segments
 Database: An organized collection of
logically related data
 Information: Data processed to be useful in
decision making
 Metadata: Data that describes data

Chapter 1 2
Disadvantages of File Processing
 Program-Data Dependence
– All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
 Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)
– Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
 Limited Data Sharing
– No centralized control of data
 Lengthy Development Times
– Programmers must design their own file formats
 Excessive Program Maintenance
– 80% of of information systems budget
Chapter 1 3
Problems with Data Dependency
 Each application programmer must maintain their
own data
 Each application program needs to include code
for the metadata of each file
 Each application program must have its own
processing routines for reading, inserting, updating
and deleting data
 Lack of coordination and central control
 Non-standard file formats

Chapter 1 4
Problems with Data
Redundancy
 Waste of space to have duplicate data
 Causes more maintenance headaches
 The biggest Problem:
– When data changes in one file, could cause
inconsistencies
– Compromises data integrity

Chapter 1 5
SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach
 Central repository of shared data
 Data is managed by a controlling agent
 Stored in a standardized, convenient
form

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

Chapter 1 6
Database Management
System

 A DBMS is a data storage and retrieval


system which permits data to be stored non-
redundantly while making it appear to the
user as if the data is well-integrated.

Chapter 1 7
Database Management
Application
#1
System

Application

DBMS
#2
Database
containing
centralized
shared data

Application
#3 DBMS manages data
resources like an operating
system manages hardware
resources

Chapter 1 8
Advantages of Database Approach
 Program-Data Independence
– Metadata stored in DBMS, so applications don’t need to worry
about data formats
– Data queries/updates managed by DBMS so programs don’t
need to process data access routines
– Results in: increased application development and maintenance
productivity
 Minimal Data Redundancy
– Leads to increased data integrity/consistency

Chapter 1 9
Advantages of Database Approach
 Improved Data Sharing
– Different users get different views of the data
 Enforcement of Standards
– All data access is done in the same way
 Improved Data Quality
– Constraints, data validation rules
 Better Data Accessibility/ Responsiveness
– Use of standard data query language (SQL)
 Security, Backup/Recovery, Concurrency
– Disaster recovery is easier

Chapter 1 10
Costs and Risks of the
Database Approach
 Up-front costs:
– Installation Management Cost and Complexity
– Conversion Costs
 Ongoing Costs
– Requires New, Specialized Personnel
– Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery
 Organizational Conflict
– Old habits die hard

Chapter 1 11
ERD SYMBOLS

A special
entity that is
also a
Entity relationship
symbols

Attribute
symbols
Relationship
symbols

Chapter 1
12
The Range of
Database Applications
 Personal Database – standalone desktop database
 Workgroup Database – local area network (<25 users)
 Department Database – local area network (25-100 users)
 Enterprise Database – wide-area network (hundreds or
thousands of users)

Chapter 1 13
Figure 1-7
Typical data
from a
personal
computer
database

Chapter 1 14
Figure 1-8 Workgroup database with local area network

Chapter 1 15
Figure 1-9 An
enterprise
data
warehouse

Chapter 1 16
Components of the
Database Environment
 CASE Tools – computer-aided software engineering
 Repository – centralized storehouse of metadata
 Database Management System (DBMS) – software for managing the
database
 Database – storehouse of the data
 Application Programs – software using the data
 User Interface – text and graphical displays to users
 Data Administrators – personnel responsible for maintaining the
database
 System Developers – personnel responsible for designing databases
and software
 End Users – people who use the applications and databases

Chapter 1 17
Figure 1-10
Components
of the
database
environment

Chapter 1 18
Evolution of DB Systems
 Flat files - 1960s - 1980s
 Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s
 Network – 1970s - 1990s
 Relational – 1980s - present
 Object-oriented – 1990s - present
 Object-relational – 1990s - present
 Data warehousing – 1980s - present
 Web-enabled – 1990s - present

Chapter 1 19

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