Selection Statements

Loops

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Selection Statements

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 Selection Statements
• Often in a program
– you need to compare two values, such as whether i
is greater than j.
– Java provides six comparison operators (also
known as relational operators)
• used to compare two values.
• The result of the comparison is a Boolean value: true or
false.
– Example
System.out.println(1 < 2);

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The six comparison operators

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 …comparison…
• You can also compare characters.
• Comparing characters is the same as comparing
the Unicodes of the characters.
• For example, 'a' is larger than 'A' because the
Unicode of 'a' is larger than the Unicode of 'A.‘
• Caution!
– The equality comparison operator is two equal signs
(==), not a single equal sign (=).
• The latter symbol is for assignment.

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 Boolean Variable
• A variable that holds a Boolean value is
known as a Boolean variable.
• The boolean data type is used to declare
Boolean variables.
• The domain of the boolean type consists of
two literal values: true and false.
• For example, the following statement assigns
true to the variable lightsOn:
boolean lightsOn = true;
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 Boolean Operators
• Boolean operators, also known as logical
operators, operate on Boolean values to
create a new Boolean value

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 Boolean Operators…
• not (!) operator
– The not (!) operator negates true to false and false to true.
• and (&&) operator
– The and (&&) of two Boolean operands is true if and only
if both operands are true.
• or (||) operator
– The or (||) of two Boolean operands is true if at least one of
the operands is true
• exclusive or (^) operator
– The exclusive or (^) of two Boolean operands is true if and
only if the two operands have different Boolean values.
• Consider the program that checks whether a number is divisible by 2 and
3, whether a number is divisible by 2 or 3, and whether a number is
divisible by 2 or 3 but not both

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 Selection Statements
• Java has several types of selection
statements:
– simple if statements
– if ... else statements
– nested if statements
– switch statements, and

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 Simple if Statements
• A simple if statement executes an action if and only if the
condition is true.
• The syntax for a simple if statement is shown below:
if (booleanExpression)
{
statement(s);
}
Example

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 if ... else Statements
• A simple if statement takes an action if the
specified condition is true.
• If the condition is false, nothing is done.
• But what if you want to take alternative
actions when the condition is false?
• You can use an if ... else statement.
• The actions that an if ... else statement
specifies differ based on whether the condition
is true or false.
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if ... else Statements…

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 if ... else Example

• If radius >= 0 is true, area is computed and

displayed
• if it is false, the message "Negative input" is
printed.
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 If…else if…else Statement
• Syntax
Example
if (booleanExpression)
{
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else if (booleanExpression)
{
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
…
else
{
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}

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 switch Statements
• Java provides a switch statement to handle multiple
conditions efficiently.
• the full syntax for the switch statement:

• The switch statement observes the following rules:

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 switch…
• The switch-expression must yield a value of char,
byte, short, or int type and must always be enclosed
in parentheses.
• The value1, . . ., and valueN must have the same data
type as the value of the switch-expression.
– Note that value1, . . ., and valueN are constant expressions,
meaning that they cannot contain variables in the
expression, such as 1 + x.
• When the value in a case statement matches the value
of the switch-expression, the statements starting from
this case are executed until either a break statement
or the end of the switch statement is reached.

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 switch…
• The keyword break is optional.
– The break statement immediately ends the switch
statement.
• The default case, which is optional, can be used to
perform actions when none of the specified cases
matches the switch-expression.
• The case statements are checked in sequential order
• Caution !!
– Do not forget to use a break statement when one is needed.
– Once a case is matched, the statements starting from the
matched case are executed until a break statement or the
end of the switch statement is reached.
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 Loops

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 Loops
• Java provides a powerful control structure called a
loop that controls how many times an operation or a
sequence of operations is performed in succession
• Loops are structures that control repeated executions
of a block of statements.
• The concept of looping is fundamental to
programming.
• Java provides three types of loop statements:
– while loops
– do-while loops and
– for loops.

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 The while Loop
• The syntax for the while loop is as follows:
while (loop-continuation-condition)
{
// Loop body
Statement(s);
}

• The part of the loop that contains the statements to be repeated

is called the loop body.
• A one-time execution of a loop body is referred to as an
iteration of the loop.
• Each loop contains a loop-continuation condition, a Boolean
expression that controls the execution of the body.
• It is always evaluated before the loop body is executed.
– If its evaluation is true, the loop body is executed;
– if its evaluation is false, the entire loop terminates and the program
control turns to the statement that follows the while loop.

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The while Loop -- Flowchart

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 The while Loop…
• Example
int count = 0;
while (count < 100)
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

Flowchart

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 The do-while Loop
• The do-while loop is a variation of the while
loop.
• Its syntax is given below:
do
{
// Loop body;
Statement(s);
}
while (loop-continuation-condition);
Flowchart

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 do-while Loop…
• The loop body is executed first.
• Then the loop-continuation-condition is evaluated.
• If the evaluation is true,
– the loop body is executed again;
• if it is false,
– the do-while loop terminates.
• The major difference between a while loop and a do-
while loop is the order in which the loop-
continuation-condition is evaluated and the loop body
executed.

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 do-while Loop…
• Example

int count = 0;
do
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}
while (count < 100);

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 The for Loop
• Often you write a loop in the following common form:

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 The for Loop-- example
• Example
for (int count = 0; count<100;count++)
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
• If the loop-continuation-condition in a for loop is omitted, it is implicitly
true.
– Thus the statement given below in (a), which is an infinite loop, is
correct.
– Nevertheless, it is better to use the equivalent loop in (b) to avoid
confusion:

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