Examination Scheme

Civil Engineering Department

Subject: Structural Design III

Introduction of Subject

Presented By Structural Design III For Fourth Year

Prof. K.B.Bande Video lecture No. 1 Students
 Examination Scheme

In sem. :30 + End sem. : 70Marks

Oral : 50 Marks
Duration : Insem. : 1.5 Hr
End sem. : 3 Hrs
 Syllabus
Unit No. Contents
1 Prestressed concrete – Analysis
Introduction, Basic concepts, materials-various Pretensioning and post
tensioning systems, concept of losses, Stress calculations, and concept of
cable profile.

2 Prestressed concrete – Design

Design of post tensioned, prestressed concrete ,simply supported rectangular
and flanged sections for flexure and shear including end block.
Design of one way and two way post tensioned slabs (Single panel only)

3 Earthquake force calculation and analysis and design of frames

Review of methods of analysis for frames subjected to gravity and lateral
loads. Earthquake loads by seismic coefficient method. Estimation of
combined effect of lateral forces and vertical loading on multi storeyed
frames. Design any intermediate continuous beam of the frames for
combined effect of loadings
 Syllabus
Unit No. Contents
4 Earth retaining structures
Introduction, Functions and types of retaining walls. Analysis and design of
RCC cantilever type of retaining wall for various types of backfill conditions.

5 Combined footings
Introduction, necessity and types of combined footings, design of slab type
and slab-beam type of combined footing.

6 Liquid retaining structures

Introduction, types, function, codal provisions, methods of analysis and
design of circular, square, and rectangular water tanks resting on ground.
 Course Outcomes
Sr. No. Course Outcome
401003.1 Understand prestressing systems, methods, various
prestressing losses, cable profiles; knowledge of which is
mostly required in construction of bridges and slabs
401003.2 Design prestressed beams & slabs
401003.3 Analyse and design multistoried buildings (3-4 storeys) for
earthquake loads along with dead load & live loads.
401003.4 Design aspects of retaining walls, their practical
significance.
401003.5 Know in what situations combined footings are opted and
their design
401003.6 Design liquid retaining structures resting on ground only.
This knowledge is mostly required in the design and
construction of water tanks.
 Design Codes
Code Description
IS 456:2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete
IS 875 -1987 Design Loads (other than earthquake)
For buildings and structures

IS 1343:2012 Prestressed Concrete

IS 3370 :2009 Concrete Structures for Storage of Liquids
IS 1893:2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design
of Structure
Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings
IS 13920: 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces
 Term work

Sr. No. Description

1 Assignment on Loss calculation unit 1

2 Assignment on stress calculation unit 1

3 Design and detailing of design of prestressed girder from Unit 2

4 Assignment on Earthquake force calculation from unit 3

5 Design and detailing of frame(beam only) from Unit 3

 Term work
Sr. No. Description
6 Design and detailing of retaining wall for any type of loading from
Unit 4

7 Design and detailing combined footing from Unit 5

8 Design and detailing of ground resting water tank from Unit 6

9 Minimum five full imperial sheets based on four projects of RCC
and one project of pre-stressed concrete.

10 Report on analysis of assignment on unit 3 by software or computer

program

11 Two site visit reports one each of R.C.C. and another P.S.C.
 References
Text Books
 Limit state theory and design of reinforced - Dr. V. L. Shah
and Dr S. R. Karve - Structures Publications,Pune
 Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete- N.C. Sinha, S.K. Roy
– S. Chand & Co. Ltd
 Advanced design of structures- Krishnaraju - Mc Graw Hill
 Prestressed Concrete- N. Krishna Raju – Tata Mc Graw Hill
Publication Co.
Reference Books
 Design of reinforced Concrete structures- M. L. Gambhir –
PHI
 Reinforced Concrete, Vol I- Dr.H J. Shah Charotar Publishing
House
 Prestressed Concrete – A Fundamental Approach- Edward
Nawy – PHI.
 Examination Scheme

Civil Engineering Department

Subject: Structural Design III
Unit I:Presrtessed Concrete-Analysis
Introduction of Prestressing

Presented By Structural Design III For Fourth Year

Prof. K.B.Bande Video lecture No. 2 Students
 Introduction
• Basic Concept

What is prestressing?
Prestressing is the application of an initial load on a
structure, to enable it to counteract the stresses arising
from subsequent loads during its service period.
• Examples of Prestressing Before Development of
Prepressed concrete

Force-fitting of metal bands on wooden barrels.

It includes a state of initial hoop compression, to
counteract the hoop tension caused by filling of liquid
in the barrels.
Pre-tensioning the spokes in a bicycle wheel

The pre-tension is to such an extent that there will

always be a residual tension in the spoke.
• Prestressed Concrete

Concrete in which effective internal stresses are induced

(usually, by means of tensioned steel) before the
structure is loaded, to counteract the stresses resulting
from the applied service loads.
Why we need prestresing for concrete?

Concrete’s tensile strength is only 8-14% of its

compressive strength.
Crack develop at early stages of loading in flexural
members (beams, slabs)
To prevent such crack, compressive forces can be
suitably applied in the longitudinal direction, either
concentrically or eccentrically ( linear
prestressing)
 Prestressing enhances the bending, shear and
torsional capacities of the flexural members.

 In cylindrical tanks, the hoop tensile stresses can be

effectively counteracted by circular prestressing.
 Examination Scheme

Civil Engineering Department

Subject: Structural Design III
Unit I:Presrtessed Concrete-Analysis
Introduction of Prestressing

Presented By Structural Design III For Fourth Year

Prof. K.B.Bande Video lecture No. 3 Students
Definitions
Advantages of Prestressing
Limitations of Prestressing
Types of Prestressing
Source of prestressing force
External or internal prestressing
Pre-tensioning or post-tensioning
Linear or circular prestressing
Full, limited or partial prestressing
Uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial prestressing
Manufacturing of Pre-tensioned Railway Sleepers
Construction of Post-tensioned Bridge Girder.
 Definitions
Form of Prestressing steel

Wires: Prestressing wire is a single unit made of

steel

Strands: Two, three or seven wires are wound to form a

prestressing strand.

Tendon: A group of strands or wires are wound to form

a prestressing tendon
• Cable: A group of tendons form a prestressing cable

• Bars: A tendon can be made up of a single steel bar.

The diameter of a bar is much larger than that of a
wire.
Nature of Concrete –Steel interface

Bonded Tendon: When there is adequate bond between

the prestressing tendon and concrete, it is called a
bonded tendon. Pre-tensioning and grouted post-
tensioned tendons are bonded tendon.

Unbonded Tendon: When there is no bond between the

prestressing tendon and concrete, it is called unbonded
tendon. When grout is not applied after post-tensioning,
the tendon is an unbonded tendon.
Stages of Loading

The analysis of prestressed members can be different for

the different stages of loading. The stages of loading are
as follows.

1) Initial: It can be subdivided into two stages.

a) During tensioning of steel
b) At transfer of prestress to concrete
2)Intermediate: This includes the loads during
transportation of the prestressed members.

3) Final: It can be subdivided into two stages.

a) At service, during operation
b) At ultimate, during extreme events.
 Advantages of Prestressing
1) Section remains uncracked under service loads

Reduction of steel corrosion

Increase in durability

 Full section is utilised

Higher moment of inertia (higher stiffness)
Less deformations (improved serviceability)

 Increase in shear capacity.

 Suitable for use in pressure vessels, liquid retaining
structures.

 Improved performance (resilience) under dynamic

and fatigue loading.
2) High span-to-depth ratios

 Larger spans possible with prestressing

( Bridges, buildings with large column-free spans)

Typical values of span-to-depth ratios in slabs are given below.

Non-prestressed slab 28:1
Prestressed slab 45:1.

 For the same span, less depth compared to RC member.

Reduction in self weight
More aesthetic appeal due to slender sections
More economical sections.
3) Suitable for precast construction

The advantages of precast construction are as follows

 Rapid construction
 Better quality control
 Reduced maintenance
 Suitable for repetitive construction
 Multiple use of formwork
 Reduction of formwork
 Availability of standard shapes
Hollow Core
Precast Girder
Precast Concrete Pile
 Limitations of Prestressing
Although prestressing has advantages, some aspects
need to be carefully addressed

 Skilled technology (hence, not as common as

reinforced concrete)
 Use of high strength materials is costly.
 There is additional cost in auxiliary equipments.
 Need for quality control and inspection.
 Examination Scheme

Civil Engineering Department

Subject: Structural Design III
Unit I:Presrtessed Concrete-Analysis
Introduction of Prestressing

Presented By Structural Design III For Fourth Year

Prof. K.B.Bande Video lecture No. 4 Students
 Types of Prestressing
1. Source of prestressing force

This classification is based on the method by which the

prestressing force is generated. There are four sources
of prestressing system: Mechanical, hydraulic, electrical
and chemical.
 Types of Prestressing
2. External or internal prestressing

This classification is based on the location of the

prestressing tendon with respect to the concrete section.
 Types of Prestressing
3. Pre-tensioning or post-tensioning

This is the most important classification and is based on

the sequence of the casting the concrete and applying
tension to the tendons.

4. Linear or circular prestressing

This classification is based on the shape of the member
prestressed.
 Types of Prestressing
5. Full, limited or partial prestressing

Based on the amount of prestressing force, three types

of prestressing are defined.

6. Uniaxial, biaxial or multi-axial prestressing

As the names suggest, the classification is based on the
direction of prestressing a member.

The individual types of prestressing are explained next.

 Source of Prestressing Force
Hydraulic Prestressing

This is the simplest type of prestressing, producing large

prestressing forces. The hydraulic jack used for the
tensioning of tendons, comprises of calibrated pressure
gauges which directly indicate the magnitude of force
developed during the tensioning.
 Source of Prestressing Force
Mechanical Prestressing

In this type of prestressing, the devices includes weights

with or without lever transmission, geared transmission
in conjunction with pulley blocks, screw jacks with or
without gear drivers and wire-winding machines. This
type of prestressing is adopted for mass scale
production.
 Source of Prestressing Force
Electrical Prestressing

In this type of prestressing, the steel wires are

electrically heated and anchored before placing concrete
in the moulds. This type of prestressing is also known as
thermo-electric prestressing.
 Source of Prestressing Force
Chemical Prestressing

In this type of prestressing, expansive cements are used

and the degree of expansion is controlled by varying the
curing conditions. The expansive action of cement is
restrained while setting. This generates tensile forces in
the tendons and compressive stresses in concrete.
 External or internal Prestressing
External Prestressing

When the prestressing is achieved by elements located

outside the concrete member( for example, by cables
laying outside a beam), it is called external prestressing.
This technique is adopted in repaire and strengthening
works, such as retrofitting of bridges.
 External or internal Prestressing
Internal Prestressing

When the prestressing is achieved by elements located

inside the concrete member( commonly, by embedded
tendons), it is called internal prestressing. Most of the
applications of prestressig are internal prestressing.
 Pre-tensioning or Post-tensioning
Pre-tensioning

The tension is applied to the tendons before casting of

the concrete. The pre-compression is transmitted from
steel to concrete through bond over the transmission
length near the ends.
Post-tensioning

The tension is applied to the tendons (located in a duct)

after hardening of the concrete. The pre-compression is
transmitted from steel to concrete by the anchorage
device (at the end blocks).
 Linear or Circular Prestressing
Linear Prestressing

When the prestressed members are straight or flat, in

the direction of prestressing, the prestressing is called
linear prestressing. For example, prestressing of
beams, piles, poles and slabs. The prestressing cable
profile may be curved.
Circular Pre-tensioning

When the prestressed members are curved, in the

direction of prestressing, the prestressing is called
circular prestressing. For example, circumferential
prestressing of tanks, silos, pipes and similar structure.
 Full, Limited or Partial Prestressing
Full Prestressing

When the level of prestressing is such that no tensile

stress is allowed in concrete under service loads, it is
called Full Prestressing( Type1, as per IS:1343-1980)
 Full, Limited or Partial Prestressing
Limited Prestressing

When the level of prestressing is such that the tensile

stress under service loads is within the cracking
stress of concrete, it is called Limited Prestressing
( Type 2, as per IS:1343-1980)
 Full, Limited or Partial Prestressing
Partial Prestressing

When the level of prestressing is such that under tensile

stresses due to service loads, the crack width is within
the allowable, it is called Partial Prestressing
( Type 3, as per IS:1343-1980)
 Uniaxial, Biaxial or Multiaxial Prestressing
Uniaxial Prestressing

When the prestressing cables are parallel to one axis, it

is called Uniaxial Prestressing. For example,
longitudinal prestressing of beams.
 Uniaxial, Biaxial or Multiaxial Prestressing
Biaxial Prestressing

When there are prestressing cables parallel to two axes,

it is called Biaxial Prestressing. For example, biaxial
prestressing of slabs.
 Biaxial prestressing of a slab
(Courtesy: VSL India Pvt. Ltd.)
 Uniaxial, Biaxial or Multiaxial Prestressing
Multiaxial Prestressing

When the prestressing cables are parallel to more than

two axes, it is called Multiaxial Prestressing. For
example, prestressing of domes.
 Examination Scheme

Civil Engineering Department

Subject: Structural Design III
Unit I:Presrtessed Concrete-Analysis
Introduction of Prestressing

Presented By Structural Design III For Fourth Year

Prof. K.B.Bande Video lecture No. 5 Students
Manufacturing of Pre-tensioned Railway
Sleepers
(Courtesy: Concrete Products and Construction Co.)
(Courtesy: Concrete Products and Construction Co.)
Material Storage
Automated Batching by Weight
 Pouring of Concrete
(Courtesy: Concrete Products and Construction Co.)
 Concrete after Vibration of Mould
(Courtesy: Concrete Products and Construction Co.)
Courtesy: Concrete Products and Construction Co.)
 Cutting of Strands
Courtesy: Concrete Products and Construction Co.)
 Demoulding of Sleeper
Courtesy: Concrete Products and Construction Co.)
 Stacking of Sleeper
Courtesy: Concrete Products and Construction Co.)
 Water Curing
Courtesy: Concrete Products and Construction Co.)
 Storage and dispatching of sleepers
Courtesy: Concrete Products and Construction Co.)
Construction of Post-tensioned Bridge
Girder
Fabrication of reinforcement
Courtesy: Larsen & Toubro
 Placement of tendons
Courtesy: Larsen & Toubro
 Examination Scheme

Civil Engineering Department

Subject: Structural Design III
Unit I:Presrtessed Concrete-Analysis
Prestressing Systems and Devices
(Post-tensioning)

Presented By Structural Design III For Fourth Year

Prof. K.B.Bande Video lecture No. 6 Students
Post-tensioning
Introduction
Stages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Devices
Anchoring Devices
Sequence of Anchoring
Jacks
Couplers
Grouting
 Post-tensioning
Introduction

The tension is applied to the tendons after hardening of

the concrete. The stages of post-tensioning are
described next.
Stages
In post-tensioning systems, the tendons are placed in
ducts after the casting of concrete. The ducts prevents
the bond between the concrete and the tendons during
the tensioning operation.

Unlike pre-tensioning , the tendons are pulled with the

reaction acting against the hardened concrete.
Stages
If the ducts are grouted ( neat cement paste or a sand-
cement mortar containing suitable admixture), then it is
known as a bonded post-tensioning.

In unbonded post-tensioning, as the name suggests, the

ducts are never grouted and the tendons are never
grouted and the tendon is held in tension solely by the
end anchorages.
Post-tensioning
Post-tensioning ducts in a bridge deck
(Courtesy: Cochin Port Trust , Kerala)
 Post-tensioning ducts in a bridge deck
(Courtesy: Cochin Port Trust , Kerala)
Stages
The various stages of post-tensioning operations are
summarized as follows.

1) Casting of concrete
2) Placement of tendons
3) Placement of the anchorage block and jack.
4) Applying tension to the tendons.
5) Seating of the wedges.
6) Cutting of the tendons.
Stages of Post-tensioning
 Post-tensioning
Advantages

The relative advantages of post-tensioning as compared

to pre-tensioning are as follows.

Suitable for heavy cast-in-place members.

Less waiting period in casting bed.
Transfer of prestress independent of transmission
length
 Post-tensioning
Disadvantages

The relative disadvantage of post-tensioning as

compared to pre-tensioning is the requirement of
anchorage device and grouting equipment.
 Post-tensioning
Devices
The essential devices for post-tensioning are as follows.
 Casting bed
 Shuttering
 Ducts
 Anchoring devices
 Jacks
 Couplers (optional)
 Grouting equipment (optional)
 Post-tensioning
Anchorage Devices
In post-tensioned members the anchorage devices
transfer the prestress to the concrete. The devices are
based on the following principles of anchoring the
tendons.
1. Wedge action
2. Direct bearing
3. Looping the wires
Anchorage Devices (Continued…)

1.Wedge action producing a frictional grip on the

wires.

The anchorage device based on wedge action consists of

an anchorage blocks and wedges. The strands are held
by the wedges in the anchorage block.

Some examples of systems based on wedge-action are

Freyssinet, Gifford-Udall, Anderson and Magnel-Blaton
anchorages.
 Freyssinet “T” system anchorage cones
(Courtesy: Lin, T.Y. and Burns, N.H.,Design of Prestressed Concrete
Structure)
 Anchoring Devices
(Courtesy: Collins, M.P. and Mitchell, D.,
Prestressed Concrete Structures)
 Anchoring Devices
(Courtesy: VH PT Systems)
 Anchorage Devices (Continued…)

2.Direct bearing from rivet or bolt heads or button

heads formed at the end of the wires.

The B.B.R.V. Post-tensioning system and the Prescon

system are based on this principle.
 Anchoring with button heads
(Courtesy: Collins, M.P. and Mitchell, D.,
Prestressed Concrete Structures)
 Anchorage Devices (Continued…)

3.Lopping the wires around the concrete

The Baur-Leonhardt system, Leoba system and also the

Dwidag single-bar anchorage system, work on this
principle.
 Post-tensioning

Jacks

The jacks are used to apply tension to the tendons.

Hydraulic jacks are commonly used. These jacks work
on oil pressure generated by a pump. The principle
behind the design of jacks in Pascal’s law.
Double acting hydraulic jacks
 Post-tensioning
Couplers

The couplers are used to connect strands or bars. They

are located at the junction of the members, for example
at or near columns in post-tensioned slabs, on piers in
post-tensioned bridge beams and decks.

The couplers are tested to transmit the full capacity of

the strands or bars. A few types of couplers are shown.
 Couplers for strands
(Courtesy: VSL International Ltd.)
 Couplers for strands
(Courtesy: Dywidag-System International)
 Couplers for strands (Continued…)
(Courtesy: Dywidag-System International)
 Couplers for strands
(Courtesy: Dywidag-System International)
 Post-tensioning
Grouting

Grouting can be defined as the filling of duct, with a

material that provides an anti-corrosive alkaline
environment to the prestressing steel and also a strong
bond between the tendon and the surrounding concrete.
 Grouting equipment
(Courtesy: Williams From Engineering Corp.)
 Examination Scheme

Civil Engineering Department

Subject: Structural Design III
Unit I:Presrtessed Concrete-Analysis
Material Properties

Presented By Structural Design III For Fourth Year

Prof. K.B.Bande Video lecture No. 8 Students
 Concrete
Constituents of Concrete
Introduction
Aggregate
Cement
Water
Admixture

Hardened Concrete
Strength of Concrete
Stiffness of Concrete
Durability of Concrete
High Performance Concrete
Allowable Stress in Concrete
Constituents of Concrete
 Material Properties
Introduction

Concrete is a composite material composed of gravels

(coarse aggregate), sand (fine aggregate) and hydrated
cement(binder).

It is expected that the students of this course is familiar

with the basics of concrete technology. Only the
information pertinent to prestressed concrete design is
presented here.
 Material Properties
Aggregate

Coarse aggregate are granular materials obtained from

rocks and crushed stones. They may be also obtained
from synthetic material like slag, shale, fly ash and
expanded clay for use in light-weight concrete.
 Material Properties
Aggregate

Sand obtained from river beds or quarries is used as fine

aggregate. The fine aggregate along with the cement
paste fill the space between the coarse aggregate.
Aggregate
The important properties of aggregate are :

1) Shape and texture

2) Size gradation
3) Moisture content
4) Specific gravity
5) Unit weight
6) Durability and absence of deleterious materials.

The requirements of aggregate is covered in section 4.2

of IS:1343-1980.
 Material Properties
Aggregate

The nominal maximum coarse aggregate size is limited

by the lowest of the following quantities.

1) ¼ x the minimum thickness of the member

2) Spacing between the cables/strands -5mm
3) 40mm.
 Material Properties
Aggregate

The deleterious substances that should be limited in

aggregate are clay lumps, wood, coal, chert, silt, rock
dust (material finer than 75microns), organic materials,
unsound and friable particles.
 Material Properties
Cement

In present day concrete, cement is a mixture of lime

stone and clay heated in a kiln to 1400-1600 C. The
types of cement permitted by IS 1343-1980 for
prestressed applications are the following (Clause 4.1).
 Material Properties
Cement

1) Ordinary Portland cement confirming to IS:269.

2) Portland slag cement confirming to IS:455, but with not
more than 50% slag content.
3) Rapid-hardening Portland cement confirming to IS:8041
4) High strength ordinary Portland cement confirming to
IS:8112
 Material Properties
Admixture

IS:1343-1980 allows to use admixtures that confirm to

IS:9103. Typical admixtures are as follows.

Chemical admixtures
1) Air-entraining admixture
2) Water reducing admixture
3) Set retarding admixture
4) Set accelerating admixture
5) Water reducing and set retarding admixture
6) Water reducing and set accelerating admixture
 Material Properties
Admixture (Continues…)

Mineral admixtures
1) Cementitious and pozzolanic material.
 Material Properties
Properties of Hardened Concrete

The concrete in prestressed applications has to be of good

quality. It requires the following properties.

1) High strength with low water-to-cement ratio.

2) Durability with low permeability , minimum cement
content and proper mixing, compaction and curing.
3) Minimum shrinkage and creep by limiting the cement
content.
 Material Properties
Strength of Concrete

The following sections describe the properties with

reference to IS:1343-1980.

The strength of concrete is required to calculate the

strength of the members. For prestressed concrete
applications, high strength concrete is required for the
following reasons.
 Material Properties
Strength of Concrete

1) To sustain the high stresses at anchorage regions.

2) To have higher resistance in compression, tension,
shear and bond.
3) To have higher stiffness for reduced deflection.
4) To have reduced shrinkage cracks.
 Material Properties
Compressive Strength

The compressive strength of concrete is given in terms

of the characteristic strength of 150mm size cubes tested
at 28 days (f ck).

The sampling and strength test of concrete are as per

Section 15 of IS:1343-1980. The grades of concrete are
explained in Table 1 of the code.
 Material Properties
Compressive Strength

The minimum grades of concrete for prestressed

applications are as follows.

30MPa for post-tensioned members.

40MPa for pre-tensioned members.
 Material Properties
Compressive Strength

The minimum grades of concrete is 60 MPa.

Since at the time of publications of IS:1343 in 1980, the

properties of higher strength concrete was not adequately
documented, a limit was imposed on the maximum
strength. It is expected that higher strength concrete may
be used after proper testing.
 Material Properties
Compressive Strength

The increase in strength with age as given in IS:1343-

1980, is not observed in present day concrete that gains
substantial strength in 28 days. Hence, the age factor
given in Clause 5.2.1 should not be used. It has been
removed from IS:456-2000.
 Material Properties
Tensile Strength

The tensile strength of concrete can be expressed as

flexural tensile strength (measured by testing beams
under 2 point loading) or splitting tensile strength
(measured by testing cylinders under diametral
compression).
 Material Properties
Tensile Strength

In absence of test results, the Code recommends to use

an estimate of the flexural tensile strength from the
compressive strength by the following equation.
 Material Properties
Stiffness of Concrete

The stiffness of concrete is required to estimate the

deflection of members. The stiffness is given by the
modulus of elasticity.

For a non-linear stress versus strain behavior of concrete

the modulus can be initial, tangential or secant
modulus.
 Material Properties
Stiffness of Concrete

IS: 1343-1980 recommends a secant modulus at a stress

level of about 0.3f ck. The modulus is expressed in terms
of the characteristic compressive strength and not the
design compressive strength.
Stress-Strain curve of concrete
 Material Properties
Stiffness of Concrete
 Material Properties
Durability of Concrete

Durability of concrete is of vital importance regarding the

life cycle cost of a structure. The life cycle cost includes
not only the initial cost of the materials and labour, but
also the cost of maintenance and repair.
This is reflected in the enhanced section on durability
(Section 8) in IS:456-2000.
 Material Properties
Durability of Concrete

Durability of concrete is defined as its ability to resist weathering

action, chemical attack, abrasion, or any other process of
deterioration. The common durability problems in concrete as
follows.

1) Sulphate and other chemical attacks of concrete.

2) Alkali-aggregate reaction.
3) Freezing and thawing damage in cold regions.
4) Corrosion of steel bars or tendons.
 Material Properties
Durability of Concrete

The durability is addressed in IS:1343-1980 in section 7.

in Appendix A there are guidelines on the maximum
water-to-cement (w-c) ratio and the minimum cement
content. The values in Table 9 are for different exposure
conditions. The values for moderate exposure condition
are given below.
Min. cement content: 300 (kg/m^3)
Max. w-c ratio*: 0.50
(*The value is updated as per Table 5 of IS:456-2000)
 Material Properties
Durability of Concrete

Table 10 provides values for concrete exposed to sulphate

attack.

To limit the creep and shrinkage, IS:1343-1980 specifies a

maximum cement content of 530 kg/m^3 (Clause 8.1.1).
 Material Properties
High Performance Concrete

With the advancement of concrete technology, high

performance concrete is getting popular in prestressed
applications. The attributes of high performance concrete
are as follows.

1) High strength
2) Minimum shrinkage and creep
3) High durability
4) Easy to cast
5) Cost effective.
 Material Properties
High Performance Concrete

Traditionally high performance concrete implied high

strength concrete with higher cement content and low
water-to-cement ratio. But higher cement content leads to
autogenous and plastic shrinkage cracking and thermal
cracking. At present durability is also given importance
along with strength.
 Material Properties
High Performance Concrete

Some special types of high performance concrete are as

follows.

 High strength concrete

 Self-compacting concrete
 Reactive powder concrete
 High volume fly ash concrete
 Fibre reinforced concrete
 Material Properties
High Performance Concrete

In a post-tensioned member, the concrete next to the

anchorage blocks is subjected to high stress
concentration. The type of concrete at the end blocks may
be different from that at the rest of the member.
Fibre reinforced concrete is used to check the cracking
due to the bursting forces.

The following photo shows that the end blocks were cast
separately with high strength concrete.
 Material Properties
Allowable Stresses in Concrete

IS:1343-1980 specifies maximum compressive stresses

for different grades of concrete under different loading
conditions in Section 22.8.

The following sketch shows the variation of maximum

compressive stresses for different grades of concrete under
flexure at transfer.
 Material Properties
Allowable Stresses in Concrete

In the following sketches, f ci is the cube strength at

transfer.
Post-tension Pre-tension
 Material Properties
Allowable Stresses in Concrete
The following sketch shows the variation of maximum
compressive stresses for different grades of concrete
under flexure at service load.
Zone I: Compressive stresses not likely to increase
Zone II: Compressive stresses likely to increase
 Material Properties
Allowable Stresses in Concrete

For direct compression, except in the parts immediately

behind the anchorage, the maximum stress is equal to 0.8
times the maximum compressive stress under flexure..
 Material Properties
Allowable Stresses in Concrete

The code specifies maximum flexural tensile stresses for

the three different types of members ( based on the amount
of prestressing) in Section 22.7.

Type 1 No tensile stress

Type 2 3 N/mm^2. This value can be increased to
4.5 N/mm^2 for temporary loads.
Type 3 Table 8 provides hypothetical values of
maximum flexural tensile stresses.
 Material Properties
Allowable Stresses in Concrete

The purpose of providing hypothetical values is to use the

elastic analysis method for Type 3 members even after
cracking of concrete.
 Material Properties
Prestressing Steel
Introduction
Forms of Prestressing Steel
Types of Prestressing Steel
Properties of Prestressing Steel
Stress-Strain Curves for Prestressing Steel
Relaxation of Steel
Durability
Fatigue

Codal Provisions
 Material Properties
Introduction

The development of prestressed concrete was influenced

by the invention of high strength steel. It is an alloy of
iron, carbon, manganese and optional materials. The
following material describes the types and properties of
prestressing steel.

The properties of steel for non-prestressed reinforcement is

not covered.
 Material Properties
Forms of Prestressing Steel

Wires Prestressing wire is a single unit made of steel.

The nominal diameters of the wires are 2.5, 3.0

, 4.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 8.0 mm.

The different types of wires are as follows.

1) Plain wire: No indentations on the surface.
2) Indented wire: There are circular or elliptical
indentations on the surface.
 Material Properties
Forms of Prestressing Steel

Wires A few wires are spun together in a helical forms

to form a prestressing strand. The different types
of strands are as follows.
1) Two-wire strands

2) Three-wire strands

3) Seven-wire strands: The central wire is larger than the

six wires which are spun around it.
 Material Properties
Forms of Prestressing Steel ( continued…)

Tendon A group of strands or wire are wound to form a

prestressing tendon.

Cross-section of a tendon
 Material Properties
Forms of Prestressing Steel ( continued…)

Cable A group of tendons form a prestressing cable.

Bars A tendon can be made up of a single steel
bar. The diameter of a bar is much larger
than that of wire. Bars are available in the
following sizes: 10, 12, 16, 20, 22, 25, 28 and
32 mm.
 Material Properties
Types of Prestressing Steel

The steel is treated to achieve the desired properties. The

following are the treatment processes.

Cold working (cold drawing)

This process is done by rolling the bars through a series of
dyes. It re-aligns the crystals and increases the strength.
 Material Properties
Forms of Prestressing Steel (continued…)

Stress relieving
This process is done by heating the strand to about 350^0 C and
cooling slowly.

Strain tempering for low relaxation

This process is done by heating the strand to about 350^0 C
while it is under tension.

The last two processes improves the stress-strain behavior of the

steel.
 Material Properties
Forms of Prestressing Steel (continued…)

IS:1343-1980 specifies the material properties in Section 4.5.

The following types of steel are allowed.

 Plain cold drawn stress relieved wire conforming to

IS:1785, Part 1
 Plain as-drawn wire conforming to IS:1785, Part 2.
 Indented cold drawn wire conforming to IS:6003.
 High tensile steel bar conforming to IS:2090.
 Uncoated stress relieved strand conforming to IS:6006.
Properties of Prestressing Steel
 Material Properties
Properties of Prestressing Steel

 High strength
 Adequate ductility
 Bendability, required at harping points and at ends
 High bond, required for pre-tensioned members
 Low relaxation to reduce losses
 Minimum corrosion.
 Material Properties
Strength of Prestressing Steel

The tensile strength of prestressing steel is given in terms

of the characteristic tensile strength ( f pk)

The characteristic strength is defined as the ultimate

tensile strength of the coupon specimens below which not
more than 5% of the test results are expected to fail.

The ultimate tensile strength of a coupon specimen is

determined by a testing machine according to IS:1521.
 Material Properties
Strength of Prestressing Steel ( continued…)
Cold Drawn Stress-Relieved Wire (IS:1785 Part 1)
The proof stress should not be less than 85% of the
specified tensile strength.

Nominal 2.50 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00 8.00

Diameter (mm)
Minimum 2010 1865 1715 1570 1470 1375
Tensile Strength
f pk ( N/mm^2)
 Material Properties
Strength of Prestressing Steel ( continued…)
AS-Drawn Wire (IS:1785 Part 2)
The proof stress should not be less than 75% of the
specified tensile strength.

Nominal 3.00 4.00 5.00

Diameter (mm)
Minimum 1765 1715 1570
Tensile Strength
f pk ( N/mm^2)
 Material Properties
Strength of Prestressing Steel ( continued…)
Indented Wire (IS:6003)
The proof stress should not be less than 85% of the
specified tensile strength.

Nominal 3.00 4.00 5.00

Diameter (mm)
Minimum 1865 1715 1570
Tensile Strength
f pk ( N/mm^2)
 Material Properties
Strength of Prestressing Steel ( continued…)

High Tensile Steel Bars (IS:2090)

The minimum tensile strength is 980 N/mm^2. The proof
stress should not be less than 80% of the specified tensile
strength.
 Material Properties
Stiffness of Prestressing Steel

The stiffness of prestressing steel is given by the initial

modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity depends
not only on the grade of steel but also on the type of
application ( wires or strands or bars).
 Material Properties
Stiffness of Prestressing Steel ( continued…)

IS:1343-1980 provides guidelines which can be used in

absence of test data.

Types of steel Modulus of elasticity

Cold-drawn wires 210 kN/mm^2
High tensile steel bars 200 kN/mm^2

Strands 195 kN/mm^2

 Material Properties
Allowable Stress in Prestressing Steel

As per Clause 18.5.1, the maximum tensile stress during

prestressing ( f pi) shall not exceed 80% of the
characteristic strength.

f pi < 0.8 f pk

There is no upper limit for the stress at transfer ( after

short term losses ) or for the effective prestress ( after long
term losses).
 Material Properties
Stress-Strain Curves for Prestressing Steel

The stress versus strain behavior of prestressing steel under

uniaxial tension is initially linear ( stress is proportional
to strain) and elastic ( strain is recovered at unloading).

Beyond about 70% of the ultimate strength the behavior

becomes nonlinear and inelastic. There is no defined yield
point.
 Material Properties
Stress-Strain Curves for Prestressing Steel ( continued…)

The yield point is defined in terms of the proof stress or a

specified yield strain. IS:1343-1980 recommends the yield
point at 0.2% proof stress. This stress corresponds to an
inelastic strain of 0.002
 Material Properties
Stress-Strain Curves for Prestressing Steel ( continued…)

The characteristic stress-strain curves are given in Figure 5

of IS:1343-1980. The stress corresponding to a starin can be
found out by using these curves.
 Material Properties
Stress-Strain Curves for Prestressing Steel ( continued…)

The stress-strain curves are influenced by the treatment

processes. The following figure shows the variation in the
0.2% proof stress for wires under different treatment
processes.
 Material Properties
Stress-Strain Curves for Prestressing Steel ( continued…)

The design stress-strain curves are calculated by dividing the

stress beyond 0.8 f pk by a material safety factor γ m =1.15
 Material Properties
Relaxation of Steel

Relaxation of steel is defined as the decrease in stress with

time under constant starin. Due to the relaxation of steel,
the prestress in the tendon is reduced with time. Hence, the
study of relaxation is important in prestressed concrete to
calculate the loss in prestress.

The relaxation depends on the type of steel, initial prestress

and the temperature.
Material Properties
 Material Properties
The following figure shows the variation of stress with time for
different levels of prestressing
 Material Properties
Relaxation of Steel ( continued…)
The upper limits of relaxation loss are specified as
follows.
Relaxation losses at 1000 hours
( IS: 1785, IS:6003, IS:6006,IS:2090)
Cold draw stress- 5% of initial prestress
relived wires
Indented Wires 5% of initial prestress
Stress-relieved strand 5% of initial prestress
Bars 49 N/mm^2
 Material Properties
Relaxation of Steel ( continued…)
In absence of test data, IS:1343-1980 recommends the
following estimates of relaxation losses.
Relaxation losses at 1000 hours at 27^0 C
Initial Stress Relaxation Loss
( N/mm^2)
0.5 f pk 0
0.6f pk 35
0.7fpk 70

0.8f pk 90
 Material Properties
Codal Provisions
The following topics are covered in IS:1343-1980 under
the respective sections. These provisions are not duplicated
here.

Assembly of prestressing and reinforcing steel: Section 11

Specifications of prestressing: Section 12
 Examination Scheme

Civil Engineering Department

Subject: Structural Design III
Unit I:Presrtessed Concrete-Analysis
Losses in Prestress

Presented By Structural Design III For Fourth Year

Prof. K.B.Bande Video lecture No. 9 Students
Notations
Geometric Properties
Load Variables

Losses in Prestress
Elastic Shortening
Pre-tensioned Axial Members
Pre-tensioned Bending Members
Post-tensioned Axial Members
Post-tensioned Bending Members
Notations
 Geometric Properties
The commonly used geometric properties of a
prestressed member are defined as follows.

A c (Area of Concrete Section): Net cross-sectional

area of concrete excluding the area of prestressing steel.

A p (Area of Prestressing Steel): Total cross-sectional

area of the tendons.

A (Area of Prestressed Member): Gross cross-

sectional area of prestressed member.
A= A c + A p
 Geometric Properties

A T (Transformed Area of Prestressed Member): Area

of the member when steel is substituted by an equivalent
area of concrete.
A t = A c + mA p
= A + ( m-1) A p

Here,
m = the modular ratio = E p / E c
E c = Short-term modulus of concrete
E p = elastic modulus of steel
 Geometric Properties

= + =

A Ac Ap At
 Geometric Properties
CGC ( Centroid of Concrete): Centroid of the gross
section. The CGC may lie outside the concrete.

CGS ( Centroid of Prestressing Steel): Centroid of the

tendons. The CGS may lie outside the tendons or the
concrete.
 Geometric Properties
I (Moment of Inertia of Prestressed Member) :
Second moment of area of the gross section about the
CGC.

I t (Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section) :

Second moment of area of the transformed section
about the centroid of the transformed section.
 Geometric Properties
e ( Eccentricity of CGS with respect to CGC) :
Vertical distance between CGC and CGS. If CGS lies
below CGC, e will be considered positive and vice
versa.
 Geometric Properties
P i ( Initial Prestressing Force): The force which is
applied to the tendons by the jack.

P o ( Prestressing Force After Immediate Losses) :

The reduced value of prestressing force after elastic
shortening, anchorage slip and loss due to friction.

P e (Effective Prestressing Force After Time-

Dependent Losses) : The final value of prestressing
force after the occurrence of creep, shrinkage and
relaxation.
Losses in Prestress
 Losses in Prestress
Introduction

In prestressed concrete applications, the most important

variable is the prestressing force. In the early days, it
was observed that the prestressing force does not stay
constant, but reduces with time.
 Losses in Prestress
Introduction

Even during prestressing of the tendons and the transfer

of prestress to the concrete member, there is a drop of
the prestressing force from the recorded value in the
jack gauge. The various reductions of the prestressing
force are termed as the losses in prestress.
 Losses in Prestress
The various losses in prestress are listed in the
following chart.
Elastic Shortening
 Elastic Shortening
Pre-tensioned Members

When the tendons are cut and the prestressing force is

transferred to the member, the concrete undergoes
immediate shortening due to the prestress. The tendon
also shortenes by the same amount, which leads to the
loss of prestress.
 Elastic Shortening
Pre-tensioned Members
 Elastic Shortening
Post-tensioned Members

If there is only one tendon, there is no loss because the

applied prestress is recorded after elastic shortening of
the member. For more than one tendon, if the tendons
are stretched sequentially, there is loss in a tendon
during subsequent stretching of the other tendons.
 Elastic Shortening
Post-tensioned Members
 Elastic Shortening
The elastic shortening loss is quantified by the drop in
prestress ( ∆f p) in a tendon due to the change in strain
in the tendon ( ∆E p).

It is assumed that the change in the strain in the tendon

is equal to the strain in concrete ( E c) at the level of
the tendon due to the prestressing force. This
assumption is called strain compatibility between
concrete and steel.
 Elastic Shortening
The strain in concrete at the level of the tendon is
calculated from the stress in concrete ( f c) at the same
level due to the prestressing force.

A linear elastic relationship is used to calculate the

strain from the stress.

The following slide explains the quantification of the

loss.
 Elastic Shortening

For simplicity, the loss in all the tendons can be

calculated based on the stress in concrete at the level
of CGS. This simplification cannot be used when
tendons are stretched sequentially in a post-tensioned
member.
 Elastic Shortening
Pre-tensioned Axial Members
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