HAYDER ALIYEV CULTURAL CENTER BY ZAHA HADID

ARCHITECTS

FORM ACTIVE STRUCTURES

EVOLUTION.DESIGN &TYPES

ROSHAN KUMAR
RAHUL KUMAR
SHABAZ ALAM ‘
SHAVI SAGAR
YASHVARDHAN
KUSHWAHA
FAYZIN
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
IDENTIFYING OF SHELLS
EVOLUTION OF
(MUD,TIMBER,METAL,CONC
MATERIAL
RETE)
 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
 CONE
 CYLINDERS
 PARABOILOIDS
 HYPERPARABOILOIDS
 FOLDED PLATES
 APPLICATIONS
 AVIVA STADIUM, IRELAND

WHAT ARE FORM ACTIVE

STRUCTURES?
• Form active structure are those active structures in which
loads are taken by the form or the shape of the structure.
• Or it can be defined as curved structures capable of transmitting loads in
more than two directions of supports
• Form Active Structure Systems redirect external forces by simple normal
stresses like tensile, compressive and shear stress.
• The bearing mechanism of form active structure systems vests essentially on
the material form.
• Only tensile, compressive and shear stresses persist.
• It have Zero Bending movement
• Shells manage to resist large compression loads evenly distributed over their
surface, however, due to their minimum thickness, they have little tensile
strength and shouldn't receive concentrated loads. The load distribution on the
surface is represented by the weight of the structure, the coating materials,
and the wind pressure.
SHELLS OCCURING IN NATURE

SNAIL
SKULL SHELL TURTLE SHELL
EGG
HISTORY OF SHELL STRUCTURES

• The earliest shell structure known was Igloo.

• Shell construction began in the 1920s; the shell emerged
as a major long-span concrete structure after World War
II.
• Thin parabolic shell vaults stiffened with ribs have
been built with spans up to about 300 ft (90 m).
• More complex (Hybrid) forms of concrete shells have
been made, including hyperbolic paraboloids, or
saddle shapes, and intersecting parabolic vaults less
than 0.5 in. (1.25 cm) thick.
• Pioneering thin-shell designers include Felix
Candela and Pier Luigi Nervi.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FORM ACTIVE STRUCTURE

SHELLS FOLDED PLATES

SINGLY CURVED DOUBLY CURVED

(DEVELOPABLE SHELLS) (NON-DEVELOPABLE SHELLS)  V- SHAPED PLATES

 BUTTERFLY SHAPED
FOLDING PLATES
 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS
(BARREL VAULTS)  TROUGH SHAPED
 CONES FOLDING PLATES
 CIRCULAR DOMES
 PARABOLOIDS  TAPERED FOLDED PLATES
 HYPER-PARABOLOIDS
 ELLIPSOID PARABOLOID  HYPER FOLDING PLATES

We discuss them in details after some few slides

SHELLS
 Shells can be defined as curved structures capable of transmitting loads in
more than two directions to supports.

 Loads applied to shell surfaces are carried to the ground by the development
of compressive , tensile and shear
 stresses acting in the plane direction of the surface.
Market Algeciras.
 Shells are surface structures which are curved in one of two directions or are The first concrete shell structure in Spain by Eduardo
Torroja.
warped as in the hyperbolic parabolic shell. The Structural forces in shells are
largely pure tension and compression.
 Shells are made of RC 40 m to 73 m
 Materializing the form of shells with space frames and lattices and
membranes is also possible allowing larger spans up to 200 m.
 loo adMft. daq\lgh0J
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HOW TO IDENTIFY
FORM ACTIVE STRUCTURES
• BASED ON STRONG GEOMETRY
• MONOLITHIC THROUGHOUT
• WON’T NEED ANY EXTRA SUPPORT (COLUMN OR BEAM)

EVOLUTION ALONG THE TIME-

• T HE F O R M S HA V E B E E N EVOLVI
NG A S T H E T IM ELINE MOVE
A H EA D .
• FOR M U S E S HA V E B E E N EVOLVI
N G ,FR O M T O M B T O F U L L Y P LA N ED
HOUSES TO HOLLOW SHR INES.
 EVOLUTION ALONG THE TIME-
• The e v o l u t i o n wa s h i g h l y d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e
m a t e ri al u s e d , a s t h e m a t e ri a l s e v o l v e d t h e s t ru
c t u re s b e c a m e m o r e a n d m o r e s u s t a i n a b l e a n d c o
v e re d l a rg e r s p a n s .
• Th e m a t e ri a l u s e d b e c a m e l e s s e r a n d l e s s e r a s t h e
s t ru c t u re b e c a m e t h i n n e r.

Evolution of Materials
1. MUD
2. TIMBER
3. METAL
4. CONCRETE
1. Mud (and other temporary materials)
 Earliest structures that were dependent on form
were made of t e m p o r a r y m a t e r i a s like mud and snow.

 Traditional Inuit igloos work because of their structures. They are catenoids, which means
they’re perfectly optimized to ease structural tension. This is important because snow, as
many of us know, is not always a super stable building material.

 Freshly fallen snow is fine powder, while the older one is crunchier and can be packed
into different shapes and blocks which is why we use it.

 An igloo that’s built the right way is usually composed of individual blocks stacked on one
another in an upwards spiral. They should stay upright and lean against each other
without any additional support structures. If you can stand on the roof without the
ceiling caving in, you’ve built a good igloo.

 Many igloos also feature a tunnel entryway that reduces heat loss and prevents the
wind from getting in. Thick animal skins make for pretty good doors.
 2. Timber
 N o ,t r u e s h e l l s t r u c t u r e a r e p o s s i b l e i n t i m b e r , w o o d is antisotropic,
that is its properties are different in all directions. Hence tim
ber ‘shell’ structures are always made up from three dimensi
onal frameworks.

Savill Garden Gridshell OVERVIEW

 The Savill Garden building is for a shop, restaurant and visitor facility for a historic
garden in the centre of Windsor Great Park, west of London.
 The timber gridshell is in four layers. It is a regular 1 metre grid of 80 x 50mm larch
timbers.
 It is formed into a three-domed doubly curved sinusoidal shape. The overall length
of the roof is 90 metres and the transverse span is 25 metres (maximum).
 The shell perimeter is a tubular steel beam, which is supported on steel quadrapod
legs.
 The perimeter forms a dramatic elevation onto the garden, varying in height between
4.5 and 8.5 metres.
3. METAL Usua llyuse d to m a ke struc ture ske l
e to n a nd to c o ve r the ske le to n wit
h she e ts.

Airship hangars, Orly Airport, Paris, 1923 OVERVIEW

 The basic form of these buildings was a single-curvature barrel vault of parabolic (formactive) cross-
section. Freyssinet’s Orly hangars were supreme examples of structural functionalism. The parabolic
profile of the vaults minimised undesir - able bending moments under the action of the principal load
carried (the selfweight of the structure), and the corrugated (‘improved’) cross-section of the shells
provided resistance to local buckling and ensured that such bending as did occur, due to variations in
load, was resisted efficiently. The material was appropriately used, its mouldability being exploited to
the full, and the construction sequence relied on efficient re-use of movable formwork. The Orly
hangars, which had a clear span of 75 m (250 ft.
4. Concrete

 Concrete shells are very efficient structures, spanning wide areas with very little
construction material. Unfortunately the formwork needed to erect concrete shells is still
very labor and material intensive.
 The efficiency of concrete as a construction material is very much dependent on the
structure itself. It can be increased by optimizing the form of the structure according to
the applied loads.
 If the geometry is optimized shear and bending stresses can be avoided and the dead
weight as well as further permanent loads can mainly be transferred by in-plane
membrane forces.
 In order to erect large concrete shells with minimal effort, the authors invented a new
shell construction method with the name Pneumatic Forming of Hardened Concrete
(PFHC) PENUEMATIC FORMING OF HARDENING CONCRETE.
 Tenerife Concert
 Tenerife Concert Hall
Hall is a reinforced concrete structure that
houses a main auditorium that seats 1600 and a smaller
chamber music hall that seats 400.
 The cantilevered roof shell, constructed from two
intersecting cone segments and designed to be
supported on only five points, soars to a height of 190
feet (58 m) over the main auditorium before curving
downward to a point.
 The symmetrical inner shell of the concert hall, 165
feet (50 m) high, is a rotational body, generated by
rotating a curve to describe an ellipse.
 A wedge of approximately 15° has been removed
from the center of this body so that its two segments
form a pronounced ridge like that of a folded plate.
 Wide arches spanning 165 feet (50 m) on each side
serve as the artists’ entrances.
SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE
FORM BASED ON SHELLFULLCASE STUDY

• JOHN UTZON who was the mind behind the most

magnificent building which is also counts in world
heritage building.
• Utzon gave his entry for the submission of the
competition which held in Sydney, the submission come
with the most interesting design for the opera house.
• More than 150 entity were counted but because of the
theory of how the design of such a wonderful come from
the single sphere which cover the whole opera house with
the shell like structure.
• Sydney Opera House is a major concrete building, widely
regarded as one of the greatest buildings of the 20th
century. Built between 1959 and 1973, with a design life of
250-300 years, the structure is still in the early part of its
expected life.
 • Building consist of three parts:-
1. ROOF SAILS
2. ROOF PEDASTAL
3. UNDER THE BROADWALKS

 Roof sails - The most recognizable part of the Opera House building, the
sails are fully exposed to the marine environment, and could be vulnerable
to water ingress should there be any failure in the ceramic tile skin, or in the
grouting inside the post-tensioning ducts of the ribs.
 Roof pedestals - These steel-reinforced concrete structures at the base of the
roof sails are completely exposed to the natural elements and to human
touch.
 Under the boardwalks - The Boardwalks are built on steel-reinforced
concrete piles, which stand in the Harbour. The Western Boardwalk is
fitted with cathodic protection.
• 438.1 hectares World Heritage Buffer Zone - 438.1 hectares of land
and water lining Sydney Harbour with the line-of-sight to the
Sydney Opera House.
• 5.8 hectares Bennelong Point peninsula on the southern shore of
Sydney Harbour, upon which the Opera House stands.
• 183 metres Length of building footprint.
• 120 metres Width of building footprint.
• 67 metres Height of the Opera House's tallest sail above sea level
(about 20 storeys).
• 102 Different sizes of tile lids used to line the concrete ribs
and secure the roof tiles.
• 3,382 Number of tile lids used to line the concrete ribs and
secure the
roof tiles.
• 2,200 Number of pre-cast concrete ribs, post-tensioned with
vertical and lateral steel reinforcement, used as an exposed
architectural finish and to support the Opera House roof structure.
• 940,840 Number of ceramic tiles covering the entire Opera House
roof.
CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS OF
LIDS
 CYLINDERS
 CONES
 HYPERBOLOIDS
 HYPER PARABOLOIDS
 CYLINDERS
• The structural behavior of the barrels shell is that it carries load
longitudinally as a beam and transversally as an arch and therefore,
the materials have to resist both compression and tension stresses.

• This factor takes advantage of the bars of the reinforced concrete,

because these elements can be placed where tension forces are
needed and therefore, the span to thickness Ratios can be
increased.
Cylindrical structures are also called barrel
structures. If the length of a barrel shell is
three or more times its transverse span, it
behaves as a deep b eam with a curved
section spanning in the longitudinal
direction.

If it is relatively short, it exhibits arch

like action. Tie rods or transverse rigid
frames are required to counteract
the outward thrusts of the arching
action.