Introduction to
Solar Photovoltaic Modules & EVA
Solar Panel Anatomy
Types of Solar Modules
Multicrystalline Monocrystalline
72 cells around 330 wp 72 cells around 370 wp
Types of Solar Modules
Bifacial Modules
72 cells around 400 wp
Types of Solar Modules
BIPV Modules – for asthetics – lower output due to colored glass
Modules circuit design
Module type Vs Efficiency
Cells PMAX VMPP IMPP VOC ISC Efficiency
72 340 Wp 37.9 V 8.97 A 47.3 V 9.35 A 17.5%
60 280 Wp 31.4 V 8.91 A 39.3 V 9.38 A 17.1%
36 170 Wp 19.2 V 8.85 A 23.4 V 9.35 A 17%
Approx.Cost of Module/watt
EVA
EVA is the abbreviation for ethylene vinyl acetate. EVA films are a key material
used for traditional solar panel lamination.
In the solar industry, the most common encapsulation is with cross-
linkable ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). With the help of a lamination machine,
the cells are laminated between films of EVA in a vacuum, which is under
compression.
This procedure is conducted under temperatures of up to 150°C. One of the
disadvantages of EVA films is that it is not UV-resistant and therefore
protective front glass is required for the UV screening.
Under the right circumstances, EVA film will have excellent adhesive bonding
to solar glass (NOT standard glass, solar glass has a rough surface). Also EVA
bonds very well to the back sheet.
Solar cell Encapsulation
PV system
Grid tie solar PV system
Off grid solar PV system
Solar power plant
PV system design
Solar photovoltaic system:
• Solar power system is one of renewable energy system which
uses PV modules to convert sunlight into electricity. The
electricity generated can be either stored or used directly, fed
back into grid line. Solar PV system is very reliable and
clean source of electricity that can suit a wide range of
applications such as residence, industry, agriculture, etc.
Major system components:
• PV module - converts sunlight into DC electricity.
• Solar charge controllers – regulates the voltage and current
coming from the PV panels going to battery and prevents
battery overcharging and deep discharges and prolongs the
battery life.
• Inverter – converts DC output of PV panels or wind turbine
into a clean AC current for AC appliances or fed back into grid
line.
• Battery – stores energy for supplying to electrical appliances
when there is a demand.
• Load – is electrical appliances that connected to solar PV
system
Solar PV system sizing:
1. Determine power consumption demands
Calculate total Watt-hours per day for each appliance used
Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV
modules (add 1.3 times extra to the total day consumption)
2. Size the PV modules
Calculate the total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules
Calculate the number of PV panels for the system, (extra 1.3
times)
3. Inverter sizing
The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger than total Watts of
appliances.
4. Battery sizing
Days of autonomy / (0.85 x 0.6 x nominal battery voltage) Here:
0.85 = Battery Efficiency 0.6 = Depth of Discharge of battery
5. Solar charge controller sizing
Solar charge controller rating = Total short circuit current of PV
array x 1.3
Example:
A house has the following electrical appliance usage:
• Two 18 Watt fluorescent lamps used 4 hours per day.
• Two 60 Watt fans used for 4 hours per day
• One 100 Watt Tv used for 4 hours per day
Solution:
Step 1: Determine power consumption demands
Usage
Sl.no. Description Wattage Qty hrs/day W-Hr
1 Lamp 18 2 4 144
2 Fan 80 2 4 640
3 TV 100 1 4 400
Total Wattage 296 Watts
Total W-H : 1184 W-H
Say about : 1200 W-H
Step 2: Selection of PV module:
One MW system generates around 1.5MU per year
One KW system may generate 4 to 5KWH per day
Consider panel generation factor as 4
PV module = Total W-H X S.F (S.F-Safety factor)
4 = 1200 X 1.3 = 390W
Say about 400W
PV system need to be installed is 400W
Use 4 nos of 100W modules or 2 nos of 200W or as per
availability,
but all the modules are identical sized.
Step 3: Selection of Inverter:
Total wattage = 296 W Say about 300 W
Take 1.25 to 1.30 times extra for overcome losses
inverter itself
i.e 300* 1.3 = 400W or 500VA
Capacity of the Inverter = 500VA, 230VAC
Note:
1. The Inverter input voltage should be equal to the
Battery voltage
2. Incase of application type is a motor or compressor
then the Inverter size should be minimum 3 times extra
the capacity of appliances connected
Step 4: Selection of a Battery:
Total Watt-Hours = 1200
Let Battery Voltage = 12 V Battery
Efficiency = 85%
Depth of Discharge = 60%
Back up required = 3 days
Capacity of a Battery = Total W-H per day/ (Bty. Eff. x DOD x Bty.
Voltage) x Days of autonomy
= 1200 x 3 (0.85 x 0.6 x 12) = 600 Ah
Capacity of battery = 12V, 600Ah
Step 5: Selection of a Solar Charge Controller Unit (CCU):
The Solar charge controller rating = Total short circuit current of
PV x 1.3
PV module Specification:
Pmax = 100W
Voc = 22.0V
Isc = 7.0A
Vmp = 17.0V
Imp = 5.8A
100 W modules 4 No’s connected in Parallel The Solar charge
controller rating = Total short circuit current of PV x 1.3 = (4
strings x 7 A) x 1.3 = 36.4A
Say about 40A, 12V or greater is preferred
Cost of PV system/watt
Thank you
