Fundamentals of Database Systems

(6th Edition)

2018-2019 Academic Year

Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Relational Data Model and SQL

Chapter-4: Basic SQL

Lectured by
Daw Honey Htun
Assistant Lecturer (Ph.D, Thesis)
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
 Data Definition, Constraints, and
Schema Changes

 Used to CREATE, DROP, and ALTER the descriptions of

the tables (relations) of a database

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
 CREATE DATABASE

 Specifies a new database by giving it a name

CREATE DATABASE STUDENT;

 OR

CREATE DATABASE STUDENT CHARACTER SET UTF8

COLLATE UTF8_UNICODE_CI;

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 CREATE TABLE
 Specifies a new base relation by giving it a name, and specifying each of
its attributes and their data types (INTEGER, FLOAT, DECIMAL(i, j),
CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n))
 A constraint NOT NULL may be specified on an attribute

CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT

( DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL,
MGRSSN CHAR(9),
MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9) );

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

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 CREATE TABLE
 Use the CREATE TABLE command for specifying the primary key attributes,
secondary keys, and referential integrity constraints (foreign keys).
 Key attributes can be specified via the PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE phrases

CREATE TABLE DEPT

( DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL,
MGRSSN CHAR(9),
MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9),
PRIMARY KEY (DNUMBER),
UNIQUE (DNAME),
FOREIGN KEY (MGRSSN) REFERENCES EMP );
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 DROP TABLE

 Used to remove a relation (base table) and its definition

 The relation can no longer be used in queries, updates, or

any other commands since its description no longer exists
 Example:
DROP TABLE DEPARTMENT;

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 ALTER TABLE
 Used to add an attribute to one of the base relations

 Example:
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD JOB VARCHAR(12);

 The database users must still enter a value for the new attribute JOB
for each EMPLOYEE tuple.
 This can be done using the UPDATE command.

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

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 Additional Data Types
Has DATE, TIME, and TIMESTAMP data types
 DATE:
– Made up of year-month-day in the format yyyy-mm-dd
 TIME:
– Made up of hour:minute:second in the format hh:mm:ss
 TIME(i):
– Made up of hour:minute:second plus i additional digits specifying fractions
of a second
– format is hh:mm:ss:ii...i
 TIMESTAMP:
– Has both DATE and TIME components

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

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 Additional Data Types (cont.)

 INTERVAL:
– Specifies a relative value rather than an absolute value

– Can be DAY/TIME intervals or YEAR/MONTH intervals

– Can be positive or negative when added to or subtracted from an
absolute value, the result is an absolute value

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Retrieval Queries in SQL
 SQL has one basic statement for retrieving information from a
database; the SELECT statement
 SQL relations can be constrained to be sets by specifying PRIMARY
KEY or UNIQUE attributes, or by using the DISTINCT option in a
query
 Basic form of the SQL SELECT statement is called a mapping or a
SELECT-FROM-WHERE block

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Retrieval Queries in SQL (cont.)
SELECT <attribute list>
FROM <table list>
WHERE <condition>

 <attribute list> is a list of attribute names whose values are to be

retrieved by the query
 <table list> is a list of the relation names required to process the
query
 <condition> is a conditional (Boolean) expression that identifies
the tuples to be retrieved by the query

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Relational Database Schema--Figure 5.5

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Populated
Database--

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Simple SQL Queries
Basic SQL queries correspond to using the SELECT, PROJECT, and
JOIN operations of the relational algebra
All subsequent examples use the COMPANY database

Example of a simple query on one relation

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Query 0: Retrieve the birthdate and address of the employee whose
name is 'John B. Smith'.

Q0: SELECT BDATE, ADDRESS

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE FNAME='John' AND MINIT='B’
AND LNAME='Smith’;

 The result of the query may contain duplicate tuples

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 Query 1: Retrieve the name and address of all employees who work
for the 'Research' department.

Q1: SELECT FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS

FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT
WHEREDNAME='Research' AND DNUMBER=DNO;

 (DNAME='Research') is a selection condition (corresponds to a

SELECT operation in relational algebra)
 (DNUMBER=DNO) is a join condition (corresponds to a JOIN
operation in relational algebra)
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Query 2: For every project located in 'Stafford', list the project number, the
controlling department number, and the department manager's last name,
address, and birthdate.

Q2: SELECT PNUMBER, DNUM, LNAME, BDATE,

ADDRESS
FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE
WHERE DNUM=DNUMBER
AND MGRSSN=SSN
AND PLOCATION='Stafford‘;

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 Aliases
 Can use the same name for two (or more) attributes as long as the
attributes are in different relations.

 A query that refers to two or more attributes with the same name
must qualify the attribute name with the relation name by prefixing
the relation name to the attribute name
Example:

 EMPLOYEE.LNAME, DEPARTMENT.DNAME
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 Some queries need to refer to the same relation twice

 In this case, aliases are given to the relation name

 Query 8: For each employee, retrieve the employee's name, and the name
of his or her immediate supervisor.

Q8: SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME, S.FNAME, S.LNAME

FROM EMPLOYEE E S
WHEREE.SUPERSSN=S.SSN

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

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 For convenience, can also use the AS keyword to specify aliases

 Q8: SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME, S.FNAME,

S.LNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE AS E, EMPLOYEE AS S
WHEREE.SUPERSSN = S.SSN

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Slide 8-21
 UNSPECIFIED WHERE-clause
 A missing WHERE-clause indicates no condition; hence, all tuples
of the relations in the FROM-clause are selected
 This is equivalent to the condition WHERE TRUE
 Query 9: Retrieve the SSN values for all employees.

Q9: SELECT SSN

FROM EMPLOYEE

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
 UNSPECIFIED WHERE-clause (cont.)
 Example:
Q10: SELECT SSN, DNAME
FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT

– If more than one relation is specified in the FROM-clause and there

is no join condition, then the CARTESIAN PRODUCT of tuples is
selected

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 USE OF *
 To retrieve all the attribute values of the selected tuples, * is used,
 * stands for all the attributes
Examples:

Q1C: SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHEREDNO=5;

Q1D: SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT
WHEREDNAME='Research' AND
DNO=DNUMBER;
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QL does not treat a relation as a set; duplicate tuples can appear
eliminate duplicate tuples in a query result, the keyword
ISTINCT is used
USE OF DISTINCT
or example, the result of Q11 may have duplicate SALARY values
hereas Q11A does not have any duplicate values

11: SELECT SALARY

FROM EMPLOYEE;

11A: SELECT DISTINCT SALARY

FROM EMPLOYEE;

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 SUBSTRING COMPARISON

 The LIKE comparison operator is used to compare partial

strings.
 Two reserved characters are used:

 '%' replaces an arbitrary number of characters

 '_' replaces a single arbitrary character

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

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 Query 25: Retrieve all employees whose address is in Houston,
Texas. Here, the value of the ADDRESS attribute must contain the
substring 'Houston,TX'.

Q25: SELECT FNAME, LNAME

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHEREADDRESS LIKE '%Houston,TX%’;

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

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 Query 26: Retrieve all employees who were born during the 1950s.
Here, '5' must be the 8th character of the string (according to our format
for date), so the BDATE value is '_______5_', with each underscore as a
place holder for a single arbitrary character.

Q26: SELECT FNAME, LNAME

FROM EMPLOYEE
WHEREBDATE LIKE '_______5_’;

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

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 ORDER BY
 Used to sort the tuples in a query result based on the values of some
attribute(s).

 Query 28: Retrieve a list of employees and the projects each works in,
ordered by the employee's department, and within each department ordered
alphabetically by employee last name.

Q28: SELECT DNAME, LNAME, FNAME, PNAME

FROM DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE, WORKS_ON,
PROJECT
WHEREDNUMBER=DNO AND SSN=ESSN AND
PNO=PNUMBER
ORDER BY DNAME, LNAME;
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 The default order is in ascending order of values.

 Specify the keyword DESC if we want a descending order; the keyword

ASC can be used to explicitly specify ascending order, even though it is
the default.

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Summary of SQL Queries
 A query in SQL can consist of up to six clauses, but only the first two,
SELECT and FROM, are mandatory.

SELECT <attribute list>

FROM <table list>
[WHERE <condition>]
[GROUP BY <grouping attribute(s)>]
[HAVING <group condition>]
[ORDER BY <attribute list>]

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 The SELECT-clause lists the attributes or functions to be retrieved
 The FROM-clause specifies all relations (or aliases) needed in the query
but not those needed in nested queries
 The WHERE-clause specifies the conditions for selection and join of
tuples from the relations specified in the FROM-clause
 GROUP BY specifies grouping attributes
 HAVING specifies a condition for selection of groups
 ORDER BY specifies an order for displaying the result of a query
 A query is evaluated by first applying the WHERE-clause, then GROUP
BY and HAVING, and finally the SELECT-clause
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 Specifying Updates in SQL

 There are three SQL commands to modify the database;

 INSERT,
 DELETE, and
 UPDATE

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 INSERT

 In its simplest form, it is used to add one or more tuples to a

relation.
 Attribute values should be listed in the same order as the
attributes were specified in the CREATE TABLE command

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 Example:
U1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
VALUES ('Richard','K','Marini', '653298653', '30-DEC-52',
'98 Oak Forest,Katy,TX', 'M', 37000,'987654321', 4 );

 An alternate form of INSERT specifies explicitly the attribute names that

correspond to the values in the new tuple
 Attributes with NULL values can be left out

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 Example: Insert a tuple for a new EMPLOYEE for whom we only know
the FNAME, LNAME, and SSN attributes.
 U1A: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (FNAME, LNAME, SSN)
VALUES ('Richard', 'Marini', '653298653');
 Important Note: Only the constraints specified in the DDL commands are
automatically enforced by the DBMS when updates are applied to the
database.
 Another variation of INSERT allows insertion of multiple tuples resulting
from a query into a relation.
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– Example: Suppose we want to create a temporary table that has the
name, number of employees, and total salaries for each department. A
table DEPTS_INFO is created by U3A, and is loaded with the summary
information retrieved from the database by the query in U3B.

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 U3A: CREATE TABLE DEPTS_INFO
(DEPT_NAME VARCHAR(10),
NO_OF_EMPS INTEGER,
TOTAL_SAL INTEGER);

U3B: INSERT INTO DEPTS_INFO (DEPT_NAME,

NO_OF_EMPS, TOTAL_SAL)
SELECT DNAME, COUNT (*), SUM (SALARY)
FROM DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE
WHERE DNUMBER = DNO
GROUP BY DNAME ;

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 INSERT (cont.)

 Note: The DEPTS_INFO table may not be up-to-date if we change

the tuples in either the DEPARTMENT or the EMPLOYEE relations
after issuing U3B.
 We have to create a view (see later) to keep such a table up to date.

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 DELETE
 Removes tuples from a relation
 Includes a WHERE-clause to select the tuples to be deleted
 Tuples are deleted from only one table at a time (unless CASCADE
is specified on a referential integrity constraint)
 A missing WHERE-clause specifies that all tuples in the relation are
to be deleted; the table then becomes an empty table
 The number of tuples deleted depends on the number of tuples in the
relation that satisfy the WHERE-clause
 Referential integrity should be enforced
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 Examples:
U4A: DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE LNAME='Brown’;

U4B: DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE SSN='123456789’;

U4C: DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE

WHERE DNO IN (SELECT
DNUMBER
FROM DEPARTMENT
WHERE DNAME='Research');

U4D: DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE;

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 UPDATE
 Used to modify attribute values of one or more selected tuples

 A WHERE-clause selects the tuples to be modified

 An additional SET-clause specifies the attributes to be modified and
their new values
 Each command modifies tuples in the same relation

 Referential integrity should be enforced

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 Example: Change the location and controlling department number of
project number 10 to 'Bellaire' and 5, respectively.

U5: UPDATE PROJECT

SET PLOCATION = 'Bellaire', DNUM = 5
WHEREPNUMBER=10;

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 Example: Give all employees in the 'Research' department a 10% raise in
salary.

U6: UPDATE EMPLOYEE

SET SALARY = SALARY *0.1
WHEREDNO IN ( SELECT DNUMBER
FROM DEPARTMENT
WHEREDNAME='Research');

 The modified SALARY value depends on the original SALARY value in

each tuple.
 The reference to the SALARY attribute on the right of = refers to the old
SALARY value before modification
 The reference to the SALARY attribute on the left of = refers to the new
SALARY value after modification
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 End of
Chapter-4