Hydrogen: Books Ref

HYDROGEN
Books Ref:
1. Basic Inorganic Chemistry, F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P.
Gauss, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Chemistry of the Elements, N. N. Greenwood & A. Earnshaw,
Butterworth-Heinemann, Pergamon press.
MIR TAMZID RAHMAN, Chemistry, JU 1

Review
 How is hydrogen produced
 By the action of active metal on mineral acids
 From syngas
 By the electrolysis of water
 Hydrides
 Ionic or saline hydride
 Transition metal / metallic / interstitial hydride
 Covalent hydride

Hydrates
In chemistry, a hydrate is a substance that contains water or its
constituent elements. The chemical state of the water varies widely
between different classes of hydrates.
In organic chemistry, a hydrate is a compound formed by the hydration,
i.e. "Addition of water or of the elements of water (i.e. H and OH)
to a molecular entity“. For example: ethanol, CH3−CH2−OH, is the
product of the hydration reaction of ethene, CH2=CH2, formed by
the addition of H to one C and OH to the other C, and so can be
considered as the hydrate of ethene.

Hydrates are inorganic
salts "containing
water molecules
combined in a definite
ratio as an integral
part of the crystal"
They are either bound to
a metal center
or that have crystallized
with the metal

CoCl2 CoCl2. 6H2O
complex.
Clathrates
A clathrate is a chemical substance consisting
of a lattice that traps or contains
molecules. Traditionally, clathrate
compounds are polymeric and completely
envelop the guest molecule, clathrates
also include host–guest
Methane clathrate or
complexes and inclusion compounds. fire ice is a solid clathrate
compound in which a
large amount of methane
host
is trapped within a crystal
structure of water.
guest MIR TAMZID RAHMAN, Chemistry, JU 5
Dihydrogen (H2) as Ligand
Dihydrogen complexes are transition metal species in which a
molecule of molecular hydrogen acts as a two electron
sigma donor to the metal center.
The H2 molecule thus acts a neutral two electron sigma donor.

The H2 molecule takes a ‘side-on’ orientation with respect to the
metal and the bonding is accomplished by a combination of –
(a) Weak donation of the bonding electrons of the H2 molecule
to an empty σ orbital of the metal atom.
(b) Acceptance of electrons from filled orbital of the metal atom
into σ* anti-bonding orbital of H2.

Hydrogen Bonding
When hydrogen is bonded to a highly
electronegative atom (e.g. N, O, F), the
bonding electron pair is drawn towards
the electronegative atom.
Hydrogen has no inner shell electron and is very
small in size, the positive charge density -

-
+
+
developed is high.
F ..... F
The nucleus of hydrogen atom is exposed to H H
attraction by nearby electron cloud, a lone

pair electrons on the electronegative atom.
Electrostatic attraction between hydrogen atoms bonded to
small, strongly electronegative atoms (N, O and F) and the
lone pair electrons on these electronegative atoms.
Partial positive end of H is attracted to partial negative end
of O, N or F of another molecule.
Relatively stronger forces of attraction among molecules and
considerable energy is required to break hydrogen bonds.

CONDITIONS FOR HYDROGEN BONDING
A hydrogen bond H – Z is only effective when Z is strongly
electronegative. Higher is the electronegativity greater is
the polarization of the molecule.
The size of electronegative atoms should be small. Smaller is
the size greater is the electrostatic attraction. Thus only
F,O and N atoms satisfy these conditions and form
hydrogen bond of higher electronegativities.
Chlorine having same electronegativity as that of nitrogen
does not form H - bond due to its large size.

Examples

TYPES OF HYDROGEN BONDING
 Intermolecular hydrogen bonding
 Intramolecular hydrogen bonding
INTERMOLECULAR HYDROGEN BONDING
When hydrogen bonds formed between the two or more
molecules of the same or different compounds they are
called intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
Hydrogen fluoride, water, alcohols, and solutions of alcohol or
ammonia in water involve intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

Examples

INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROGEN BONDING
These involve electrostatic force of attraction between hydrogen
and an electronegative element both present in the same
molecule.

Up coming
 Effect of hydrogen bonding
 Hydrogen as a fuel
That’s All
For Today See you Next
Time

Hydrogen: Books Ref

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hydrogen: Books Ref

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hydrogen: Books Ref

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HYDROGEN

1. Basic Inorganic Chemistry, F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson and P.

Gauss, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

2. Chemistry of the Elements, N. N. Greenwood & A. Earnshaw,

Butterworth-Heinemann, Pergamon press.

MIR TAMZID RAHMAN, Chemistry, JU 1

 How is hydrogen produced

 By the action of active metal on mineral acids

 By the electrolysis of water

 Ionic or saline hydride

 Transition metal / metallic / interstitial hydride

MIR TAMZID RAHMAN, Chemistry, JU 2

In chemistry, a hydrate is a substance that contains water or its

constituent elements. The chemical state of the water varies widely

between different classes of hydrates.

In organic chemistry, a hydrate is a compound formed by the hydration,

i.e. "Addition of water or of the elements of water (i.e. H and OH)

to a molecular entity“. For example: ethanol, CH3−CH2−OH, is the

product of the hydration reaction of ethene, CH2=CH2, formed by

the addition of H to one C and OH to the other C, and so can be

considered as the hydrate of ethene.

MIR TAMZID RAHMAN, Chemistry, JU 3

They are either bound to

with the metal

of a lattice that traps or contains

molecules. Traditionally, clathrate

compounds are polymeric and completely

envelop the guest molecule, clathrates

Dihydrogen complexes are transition metal species in which a

molecule of molecular hydrogen acts as a two electron

sigma donor to the metal center.

The H2 molecule thus acts a neutral two electron sigma donor.

MIR TAMZID RAHMAN, Chemistry, JU 6

metal and the bonding is accomplished by a combination of –

(a) Weak donation of the bonding electrons of the H2 molecule

to an empty σ orbital of the metal atom.

(b) Acceptance of electrons from filled orbital of the metal atom

into σ* anti-bonding orbital of H2.

MIR TAMZID RAHMAN, Chemistry, JU 7

When hydrogen is bonded to a highly

electronegative atom (e.g. N, O, F), the

bonding electron pair is drawn towards

the electronegative atom.

Hydrogen has no inner shell electron and is very

small in size, the positive charge density -

attraction by nearby electron cloud, a lone

small, strongly electronegative atoms (N, O and F) and the

lone pair electrons on these electronegative atoms.

Partial positive end of H is attracted to partial negative end

Relatively stronger forces of attraction among molecules and

considerable energy is required to break hydrogen bonds.

MIR TAMZID RAHMAN, Chemistry, JU 9

A hydrogen bond H – Z is only effective when Z is strongly

electronegative. Higher is the electronegativity greater is

the polarization of the molecule.

The size of electronegative atoms should be small. Smaller is

the size greater is the electrostatic attraction. Thus only

F,O and N atoms satisfy these conditions and form