Methods of Research Calmorin Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1
CHARACTERISTICS
OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH
 Is the scientific investigation of
phenomena
 Includes collection,
presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data that
link man’s speculation of
reality
Values of Research to Man
1. Improves quality of life

2. Improves instruction and
students’ achievements
3. Reduces the burden of work
4. Satisfies man’s needs
Values of Research to Man…….Cont
.
5. Improves the exportation of

food products
6. Improves teacher’s
competence
7. Responds to the country’s
effort as economic recovery
Values of Research to Man….. Cont.
8. Trains graduates to respond

to the socioeconomic
development of the society
and to compete globally
9. Makes the country great
again
Qualities of a
Good Researcher
R - Research-oriented
E - Efficient
S - Scientific
E - Effective
A - Active
R - Resourceful
Qualities of a
Good Researcher …………. Cont.
C - Creative
H - Honest
E - Economical
R - Religious
Characteristics
of a Researcher
1. Intellectual curiosity
2. Prudence
3. Healthy Criticism
4. Honesty
Characteristics
of a Researcher…………. Cont.
5. Creativity
6. Inventiveness
7. Productivity
Characteristics
of a Research
1. Empirical
2. Logical
3. Cyclical
4. Analytical
Characteristics
of a Research…………. Cont.
5. Methodical
6. Critical
7. Replicable
Kinds of Research
1. Basic Research
 Also called fundamental

research or pure research
 Aims to discover basic truths
or principles
Kinds of Research…………. Cont.
1. Basic Research
 Intended to add to the body

of scientific knowledge
 Result is theoretical
knowledge
2. Applied Research
 Seeking new application of
scientific knowledge of
developing a new system or
procedure, a new device
and a new method in order t
o solve a problem
2. Applied Research
 Produces knowledge of
practical use
3. Developmental
 Decision-oriented research
involving the application of s
cientific methods in
response to an immediate
need to improve existing
practices
Classification of Research
1. Library Research
 Ideal for descriptive research,
the study of the present and
historical research, the study
of the past
Classification of Research….. Cont.
Library Research
 Example: Effectiveness of
Teaching Mathematics as
Perceived by K to 12
Students of Public and
Private Schools in Iloilo City

2. Field Research
 Conducted in a natural
environment, no changes
are made in the
environment
 Applicable to both descriptive
and experimental
2. Field Research
 Make use of library research
for review of related
literature
 Data are gathered through
survey or experimentation

2. Field Research
 Example (Descriptive): Taxon
omy of Herbal Plants and
Their Uses Found in Iloilo City
2. Field Research
 Example (Experimental): Yield
of Kappaphycus Cultured in
Guimaras Marine Waters
Using Lantay Method and
Hanging Method
3. Laboratory Research
 Conducted in artificial and
controlled conditions by
isolating or separating the
study in a specified
thoroughly operationalized
 Purposes are to (a) test the
hypothesis derived from
theory; (b) control variance
under research conditions;

and (c) discover the relations
between the dependent and
 Example 1 : Survival Rate of
Culturing Koi in Aquarium
Using Fish Meal and Bread
Meal as Supplemental Feeds
 Example 2: Yield of African
Catfish Cultured at the
Backyard Fish pond Using
Shrimp Meal and Bread Meal
as Supplemental Feeds
The Variable
 Defined as a quantity
susceptible or liable to
fluctuation or change in
value, level, degree, scale or
magnitude under different

conditions
The Variable………………… Cont.
 Represent numerical values,
groups, classes, kinds or
categories
Kinds of Variable
1. Independent
 Stimulus or cause variable
chosen by the researcher to
determine the relationship
of an observed phenomenon
 Those that are manipulated or
operated
Kinds of Variable …………… Cont.
1. Independent
 Example 1: Effectiveness of
Teaching Mathematics as
Perceived K to 12 Students of
Public and Private Schools in
Iloilo City
 Independent variables: Teaching Math
ematics and K to 12 students
1. Independent
 Example 2: Survival Rate and
Weight of Catfish Cultured in
Backyard Fishpond Using Shrimp
Meal and Bread Meal as
Supplemental Feeds
 Independent variables: Catfish,
Shrimp Meal and Bread Meal
1. Independent
 Example 3: Yield of Kappaphycus
Cultured in Guimaras Marine
Waters Using Lantay Method and
Hanging Method
 Independent variables:
Kappaphycus, marine waters,
lantay method and hanging method
1. Independent
 Example 4: Acceptability, Salability and
Profitability of Milkfish Bones Burger
With and Without Moringa
 Independent Variables: milkfish bones
burger with moringa and milkfish bones
burger without moringa
2. Dependent
 Response variable or effect that
is observed or measured to
determine the effect of the
independent variable
 Changes when the independent
variable varies
2. Dependent
 Example 1: Effectiveness of Teaching
Mathematics as Perceived K to 12
Students of Public and Private Schools in
Iloilo City
 Dependent variables: Effectiveness and
mean scores
2. Dependent
 Example 2: Survival Rate and Weight of
Catfish Cultured in Backyard Fishpond
Using Shrimp Meal and Bread Meal as
Supplemental Feeds
 Dependent variables: Survival rate and
weight of catfish
2. Dependent
 Example 3: Yield of Kappaphycus
Cultured in Guimaras Marine Waters
Using Lantay Method and Hanging
Method
 Dependent variables: yield and weight
of kappaphycus
2. Dependent
 Example 4: Acceptability, Salability and
Profitability of Milkfish Bones Burger
With and Without Moringa
 Dependent Variables: acceptability,
salability and profitability
3. Moderator
 Special kind of independent
variable chosen by the
researcher to determine if it
changes or modifies the
relationship between the
independent and dependent
variables.
4. Control
 Variable managed by the
researcher in which the effects
can be neutralized by
eliminating or removing the
variable
5. Intervening
 Hinders the independent and
dependent variables but the
effects can either strengthen or
weaken the independent and

dependent variables
5. Intervening
 Example 1: Survival Rate of Culturing Koi
in Aquarium Using Shrimp Meal and
Bread Meal as Supplemental Feeds
 Independent variables: Koi, fish meal
and bread meal
5. Intervening
 Dependent variables: Survival rate and
weight of koi
 Intervening variables: water, oxygen,
electricity and temperature
5. Intervening
 Example 2: Effectiveness of Teaching
Mathematics as Perceived K to 12
Students of Public and Private Schools in
I
loilo City
 Independent variables: Teaching
methods of Mathematics and K to 12
students
5. Intervening
 Example 2:
 Dependent variables: Effectiveness and
mean scores
 Intervening variables: Qualities of
teachers, instructional facilities and
classroom facilities
End of Chapter 1

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CHAPTER 1

1. Improves quality of life

5. Improves the exportation of

8. Trains graduates to respond

 Also called fundamental

 Intended to add to the body

under research conditions;

magnitude under different

weaken the independent and

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