Cables and Its Types
Cables and Its Types
Cables and Its Types
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Introduction
Coaxial Cables
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COAXIAL CABLE
Consists Of Five Parts:
A center conductor
An outer jacket
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Cross Section View
Figure 2.1
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Coaxial Cable with Foil Shield
Figure 2.2
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Coaxial Cable Connectors
1. RCA Connector
Yellow – Video
White – Audio Right
Red – Audio Left
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Coaxial Cable Connectors
1. BNC Connector
The BNC (Bayonet Neill-
Concelman) connector is a very
common type of RF connector used for
terminating coaxial cable
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Coaxial Cable Connectors
1. F-pin Connector
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Cable Types
1. RG 58
Impedance: 75 Ω
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Cable Types
2. RG 59
Impedance: 50 Ω
3. RG 6
Impedance: 75 Ω
Signals entering the cable can cause unwanted noise making it useless.
More expensive than twisted pairs and is not supported for some network
standards.
Bulky and also has high attenuation so would have the need to implement
repeaters
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Disadvantages Of Coaxial Cable
Signals entering the cable can cause unwanted noise and picture ghosting.
Excessive noise can overwhelm the signal, making it useless.
More expensive than twisted pairs and is not supported for some network
standards.
It’s also very bulky and also has high attenuation so would have the need to
implement repeaters
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TWISTED PAIR CABLE
• Twisted pair cable consists of a
pair of insulated wires twisted
together.
• It is a cable type used in
telecommunication for very long
time.
• Cable twisting helps to reduce
noise pickup from outside sources
and crosstalk on multi-pair cables.
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Individual color coded cables of UTP
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Classification of TP
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Twisted Pair View
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Unshielded Twisted Pair
UTP are used for voice and low speed
data communication since a long
time.
• Unshielded Twisted Pair cables were
first used in telephone systems by
Alexander Graham Bell in 1881.
• Today, most of the millions of
kilometres of twisted pairs in the
world are outdoor landlines.
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UTP
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UTP – General Overview
• Typical UTP cable has four pairs of wires in each
cable. Not all four pairs are used in actual
applications.
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UTP
• Each pair is twisted with a different number of twists per inch to help
eliminate interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical
devices.
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Classification of UTP
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Categories of UTP
Category Speed Use
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Cat 5
Cat 5
• Category 5 cable can be used to carry Ethernet traffic of up to 100Mbit/s
and ATM of up to 155Mbit/s.
• The standard cable of an Ethernet 100Base-TX is Cat 5. Cat 5 is a twisted
pair cable created for high signal integrity.
• Some are unshielded while others are shielded.
Applications of Cat 5
• Cat 5 is used in structured cabling for computer networks, token ring,
basic voice services, and ATM.
• The Category 5 cable has four twisted pairs in a single cable jacket.
• Cat 5 generally has three twists per inch of each individual twisted pair of
24 gauge wires inside of the cable.
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Cat 5e
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Cat 6
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UTP Uses
• UTP cabling, because of its 100-year history of use by telephone systems,
both indoors and out, is also the most common cable used in computer
networking. It is a variant of twisted pair cabling.
• UTP cables are often called Ethernet cables after Ethernet, the most
common data networking standard that utilizes UTP cables, although not
the most reliable.
• UTP is the most common type of media used for communications systems
and in structured cabling systems.
• UTP cable is used extensively due to its flexibility.
• UTP can be used for voice, low-speed data, high-speed data, audio and
paging systems, and building automation and control systems.
• UTP cable can be used in both the horizontal and backbone cabling
subsystems.
• For horizontal cables, the number of pairs recommended by industry
standards is a four-pair cable
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Shielded Twisted Pair:
• Although UTP cable is the least expensive cable, it may be susceptible to radio
and electrical frequency interference.
• If you must place cable in environments with lots of potential interference, or if
you must place cable in extremely sensitive environments that may be
susceptible to the electrical current in the UTP, shielded twisted pair may be
the solution.
• Shielded cables can also help to extend the maximum distance of the cables.
• Twisted pair cables are often shielded in attempt to prevent electromagnetic
interference.
• Because the shielding is made of metal, it may also serve as a ground.
• However, usually a shielded or a screened twisted pair cable has a special
grounding wire added called a drain wire. This shielding can be applied to
individual pairs, or to the collection of pairs. When shielding is applied to the
collection of pairs, this is referred to as screening.
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STP
• STP cabling includes metal shielding over each individual pair of copper
wires.
• This type of shielding protects cable from external EMI (electromagnetic
interferences). e.g. the 150 ohm shielded twisted pair cables defined by
the IBM Cabling System specifications and used with token ring networks.
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Screened Shielded Twisted Pair
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Parameters that Effect
Performance of TP
The different kinds of error characteristics are:
1. Attenuation
2. Near-End Cross Talk
3. Return Loss
4. Attenuation to Cross Talk Ratio
5. Impedance
6. Propagation Delay
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FIBER OPTICS
• Cable consisting of one or more optical fibers.
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Cross Sectional View
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Characteristics
Fibre optical cables are widely used in communication over long distances.
There is no crosstalk.
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Total Internal Reflection
• The fibre optic works on the principle of Total Internal
Reflection.
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Refraction through Fiber
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Types Of Fibers
• Multimode Fiber
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Single Mode Fiber
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Fiber Coating
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Multi Mode Fiber
• Much larger core than single mode.
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Multi Mode Characteristics
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Manufacturing
• Glass Optical Fibres are made of mainly silica and have a refractive index of 1.5.
• Some other materials like flourozirconate and flouroaluminate are also used.
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Silica & Phosphate
Structure
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Splicing
• Optical Fibres may be joined together by the process of
splicing.
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Splicing Machine
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References
1. physics.princeton.edu
2. www.lanshack.com
3. www.doityourself.com
4. www.books.googles.com
5. www.whatis.techtarget.com
6. www.merriam-webster.com
7. www.engineeringtoolbox.com
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