Timer/counter

The AVR microcontroller

and embedded
systems
using assembly and c

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Assembly and C Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights
 A counter register

UP Counter Register Load

COUT

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Assembly and C Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights
 A simple design (counting people)
First design

Sensor UP Counter Register Load

COUT 4

Comparator
=

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Assembly and C Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights
 A simple design (counting people)
Second design

Sensor UP Counter Register Load

COUT

$FC

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Assembly and C Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights
 A simple design (making delay)

UP Counter Register Load

COUT

$FC

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
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 A generic timer/counter
 Delay generating
 Counting
 Wave-form generating
 Input Capturing (to calculate the freq of an input
signal)

Oscillator 0
Counter register
COUT
External 1
source
Flag
Counter/Timer

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Assembly and C Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights
 Timers in AVR
 1 to 6 timers
 3 timers in ATmega32
 8-bit and 16-bit timers
 two 8-bit timers and one 16-bit timer in ATmega32

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
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 Timer in AVR
Oscillator
 TCNTn (Timer/Counter register) External
Counter register

source
 TOVn (Timer Overflow flag) Counter/Timer
Flag

 TCCRn (Timer Counter control register)

 OCRn (output compare register) TCCRn
 OCFn (output compare match flag)
TCNTn

TOVn
= OCFn
Comment:
Comment:
All
Allofofthe
thetimer
timerregisters
registersare
are
byte-addressable
byte-addressableI/O I/Oregisters
registers OCRn

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
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 Timer 0 (an 8-bit timer)

The AVR microcontroller

and embedded
systems
using assembly and c

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Assembly and C Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights
 Timer 0

TCCR0

TCNT0

TOV0
= OCF0

OCR0

OCF2 TOV2 ICF1 OCF1A OCF1B TOV1 OCF0 TOV0 TIFR

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
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 FOC0 WGM00 COM01 COM00 WGM01 CS02 CS01 CS00 TCCR0

Clock Mode
Timer Selector
(WGM)
(CS)

CS02 CS01 CS00 Comment

0 0 0 No clock source (Timer/Counter stopped)
WGM00 WGM01 Comment
0 0 1 clk (No Prescaling)PSR10
0 0 Normal
0 1 0 clk / 8
0 1 CTC (Clear Timer on Compare Match)Clear
0 1 1 clk / 64 clkIO 10-bit T/C Prescaler
1 0 PWM, phase correct
1 0 0 clk / 256
1 1 Fast PWM

clk/64
clk/8

clk/256

clk/1024
1 0 1 clk / 1024
1 1 0 External clock source on T0 pin. Clock on falling edge T0
1 1 1 External clock source on T0 pin.
0 Clock on rising edge

CS00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CS01
CS02

Timer/Counter0 clock
source
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
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 Normal mode
1. Load the TCNT with 256-N:
TCNT0 = 256-N TCNT0
2. Start the timer – by loading a
value into TCCR : TCCR0 = X
0xFF
3. Monitor the TOV flag
TOV TOV TOV
1. Once the TOV becomes high, it time
indicates the timer has finished 0

FF
FE TOV0: 0
1

2
1 TOV0 = 1
0
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
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Example 1: Write a program that waits 14 machine cycles in
Normal mode to generate a square wave.

UP Counter Register Load

14 = $0E COUT

$100 8
256-14 =242
-$0E $F2
242,243,244,….,255, 0
$F2

FOC0 WGM00 COM01 COM00 WGM01 CS02 CS01 CS00 TCCR0

0 0 0 0 1
PSR10

WGM00 WGM01 Comment clkIO

Clear
10-bit T/C Prescaler

0 0 Normal

clk/64
clk/8

clk/256

clk/1024
0 1 CTC T0
0
1 0 PWM, phase correct
1 1 Fast PWM CS00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CS01
CS02

Timer/Counter0 clock
source
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 Square wave on pin 5 of port B

14 cycles 14 cycles

TCNT0 = 256-14 = 242 = $F2

TCCR0 = $01
SBIC/SBIS – for IO registers

SBRS/SBRC – for GPRs

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
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 Example 1: write a program that waits 14 machine cycles in
Normal mode.
$100 FOC0 WGM00 COM01 COM00 WGM01 CS02 CS01 CS00 TCCR0

-$0E OCF2 TOV2 ICF1 OCF1A OCF1B TOV1 OCF0 TOV0 TIFR

$F2
.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"

LDI R16,0x20 ;0b00100000 DDRB = 1<<5;

SBI DDRB,5 ;PB5 as an output PORTB &= ~(1<<5); //PB5=0
CBI PORTB,5
BEGIN: LDI R20,256-14 ; 242 = $F2 while (1)
OUT TCNT0,R20 ;load timer0 {
LDI R20,0x01
OUT TCCR0,R20 ;Timer0,Normal mode,int clk TCNT0 = 0xF2;
AGAIN: IN R20,TIFR Question:
Question:
;read TIFRHow
Howto tocalculate
calculatethe
TCCR0the
delay
delayininseconds
= 0x01; seconds
SBRS R20,0 ;if TOV0 generated
is set skipby
generated the
next
by timer?
inst.
the timer?while((TIFR&(1<<TOV0))==0);
RJMP AGAIN
LDI R20,0x0 TCCR0 = 0;
OUT TCCR0,R20 Answer:
Answer:
;stop Timer0
LDI ;R20 = 0x01how much aTIFR
R20,(1<<TOV0) 1) Calculate = (1<<TOV0);
machine clock lasts.
OUT TIFR,R20 1);clear
Calculate
TOV0 how
flag much a machine clock lasts.
PORTB = PORTB^(1<<5);
1<<TOV0 = 1<<0 = 0b00000001 T=
T=1/f
1/f
EOR R17,R16 2) Calculate
;toggle D5 how
of R17many }machine clocks it waits.
OUT PORTB,R17
2);toggle
Calculate
PB5
how many machine clocks it waits.
RJMP BEGIN 3)
3)Delay
Delay==TT**number
numberof ofmachine
machinecycles
cycles
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 256-14 =242 TCNT0 = 256-78
TCCR0 = 00000011

Square wave on pin 5 of port B T = 6.4 uS

F = 1/T = 156.25 kHz

0.5 ms

0.5 ms

Generate a square wave of 1 ms time period. CLK = 10 MHz. Use 8 bit timer.
Td = 1 ms /2 = 0.5 ms

Clock cycles, N = Td/Tclk = 0.5 ms / 0.1 us = 500 us/0.1 us = 5000 cycles

Clk/8: N = 5000/8 = 625
Clk/64: N = 5000/64 = 78.13 ~ 78 = 4992 cc instead of 5000
Clk/256: N = 5000/256 = 19.53 = ~20 = 5120 cc
Clk/1024: N = 5000/1024 = 4.88 ~ 5 = 5120

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
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Write a program using a timer to generate a square wave of 200 kHz.
CLK = 10 MHz, Tclk = 0.1 uS

T = 1/200k = 5 us
Ton = 2.5 us, Toff = 2.5 us

N = Td/Tclk = desired time period / clk time period

N = 2.5 us/0.1 us = 25

TCNT0 = 256-N = 231

TCCR0 = $01

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
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 In example 1 calculate the delay. Imagine XTAL = 10 MHz.

Solution 1 (inaccurate): .INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"

1) Calculating T: LDI R16,0x20

SBI DDRB,5 ;PB5 as an output
T = 1/f = 1/10M = 0.1µs LDI R17,0
OUT PORTB,R17
2) Calculating num of BEGIN: LDI R20,256-14
OUT TCNT0,R20 ;load timer0
machine cycles: LDI R20,0x01
OUT TCCR0,R20 ;Timer0,Normal mode,int clk
$100 AGAIN: IN R20,TIFR ;read TIFR
SBRS R20,0 ;if TOV0 is set skip next inst.
-$F2
RJMP AGAIN
$0E = 14 LDI R20,0x0
OUT TCCR0,R20 ;stop Timer0
3) Calculating delay LDI R20,0x01
OUT TIFR,R20 ;clear TOV0 flag
14 * 0.1µs = 1.40 µs
EOR R17,R16 ;toggle D5 of R17
OUT PORTB,R17 ;toggle PB5
RJMP BEGIN
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 Accurate calculation
Other than timer, executing the instructions consumes time; so if we
want to calculate the accurate delay a program causes we should add
the delay caused by instructions to the delay caused by the timer
LDI R16,0x20
SBI DDRB,5
LDI R17,0
OUT PORTB,R17
BEGIN: LDI R20,0xF2 1
OUT TCNT0,R20 1
LDI R20,0x01 1
OUT TCCR0,R20 1
AGAIN: IN R20,TIFR 1
SBRS R20,0 1/2
RJMP AGAIN 2
LDI R20,0x0 1
OUT TCCR0,R20 1
LDI R20,0x01 1
OUT TIFR,R20 1
EOR R17,R16 1
OUT PORTB,R17 1
RJMP BEGIN 2
18
Delay caused by timer = 14 * 0.1µs = 1.4 µs Delay caused by instructions = 18 * 0.1µs = 1.8
Total delay = 3.2 µs  wave period = 2*3.2 µs = 6.4 µs  wave frequency = 156.25 KHz

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
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Finding values to be loaded into the timer
1. Calculate the period of clock source.
 Period = 1 / Frequency
 E.g. For XTAL = 8 MHz  T = 1/8MHz = 125 ns
2. Divide the desired time delay by period of
clock, N = Td/Tclk
3. If N > 255, use a pre-scaled clock
4. Perform 256 - N, where N is the decimal
value we got in Step 2.
5. Set TCNT0 = 256 - N
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
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 Example 2: Assuming that XTAL = 10 MHz, write a program to generate a
square wave with a period of 10 us (= 100 kHz) on pin PORTB.3.
 For a square wave with T = 10 µs we must have a time delay of 5 µs. Because
XTAL = 10 MHz, the counter counts up every 0.1 µs. This means that we need 5
µs / 0.1 µs = 50 clocks. 256 - 50 = 206.
.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC" DDRB = 1<<3;
PORTB &= ~ (1<<3);
LDI R16,0x08
SBI DDRB,3 ;PB3 as an output while (1)
LDI R17,0
{
OUT PORTB,R17
BEGIN: LDI R20,206 TCNT0 = 206;
OUT TCNT0,R20 ;load timer0
LDI R20,0x01 TCCR0 = 0x01;
OUT TCCR0,R20 ;Timer0,Normal mode,int clk while((TIFR&0x01) == 0);
AGAIN: IN R20,TIFR ;read TIFR
SBRS R20,TOV0 ;if TOV0 is set skip next TCCR0 = 0;
RJMP AGAIN TIFR = 1<<TOV0;
LDI R20,0x0
OUT TCCR0,R20 ;stop Timer0 PORTB = PORTB ^ (1<<3);
LDI R20,0x01 }
OUT TIFR,R20 ;clear TOV0 flag
EOR R17,R16 ;toggle D3 of R17
OUT ;toggle PB3
RJMP BEPORTB,R17GIN

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 Example 3: Modify TCNT0 in Example 2 to get the largest time delay possible with no prescaler.
Find the delay in µs. In your calculation, do not include the overhead due to instructions.

 To get the largest delay we make TCNT0 zero. This will

count up from 00 to 0xFF and then roll over to zero.
.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"
DDRB = 1 << 3;
LDI R16,1<<3
SBI DDRB,3 ;PB3 as an output PORTB &= ~(1<<3);
LDI R17,0
OUT PORTB,R17 while (1)
BEGIN: LDI R20,0x0 {
OUT TCNT0,R20 ;load Timer0
LDI R20,0x01 TCNT0 = 0x0;
OUT TCCR0,R20 ;Timer0,Normal mode,int clk TCCR0 = 0x01;
AGAIN: IN Solution
R20,TIFR ;read TIFR
SBRS R20,TOV0 ;if TOV0 is set skip next
while((TIFR&(1<<TOV0))==0);
RJMP 1) Calculating
AGAIN T:
LDI R20,0x0 TCCR0 = 0;
OUT T = TCCR0,R20
1/f = 1/10MHz = 0.1µs
;stop Timer0
LDI R20,0x01 TIFR = 0x01;
OUT 2) Calculating
TIFR,R20 delay;clear TOV0 flag PORTB = PORTB^(1<<3);
EOR R17,R16 ;toggle D3 of R17
OUT 256 * 0.1µs = 25.6µs
PORTB,R17 ;toggle PB3 }
RJMP BEGIN

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 For an 8-bit timer, what is the maximum delay that can be generated for
CLK = 10MHz?

Tclk = 0.1 us

N = 256 => 25.6 us

Slowest clock = clk/1024 >>> Tclk = 0.1 us x 1024 = 102.4 us

0.1 x 1024 = 102.4 us for one clock cycle using a pre-scaled clock

Max. delay = 256 x 102.4 us ~ 250 ms

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 Generating Large Delays
 Using loop
 Pre-scaled clock
 Bigger counters

16-bit timer, N = 65536

Tclk = 1/f x 1024 = largest clock time period with prescaling

Max. delay = N * Tclk_p

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Prescaler and generating a large time delay
PSR10

Clear
clkIO 10-bit T/C Prescaler

clk/8
clk/64
clk/256

clk/1024
T0
0

CS00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CS01
CS02

Timer/Counter0 clock
source
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 CTC (Clear Timer on Compare match) mode
TCNT0
0xFF
OCR0

OCF0 OCF0 OCF0

0 time

OCR0 = 99 0
xx TOV0:

2 0
1
OCF0:
1 TOV0 = no change
0
OCF0 = 1
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Timer in Normal Mode Timer in CTC Mode
1.Load the TCNT with 256-N: 1.Load the OCR with N-1: OCR0=N-

TCNT0 = 256-N or –N 1; 0 to N-1 = N cycles

LDI R16,-50 ; (256-50) 2.Start the timer – by loading a

OUT TCNT0,R16 value into TCCR : TCCR0 = X

2. Start the timer – by loading a WGM = 01
value into TCCR : TCCR0 = X Monitor the OCF0 flag
3.

WGM=00 Once the OCF0 becomes high, it

1.

indicates the timer has finished

3. Monitor the TOV0 flag
1. Once the TOV0 becomes high, it
indicates the timer has finished

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 Rewrite
Example example
4: Rewrite 2 using
example CTC
2 using CTC
FOC0 WGM00 COM01 COM00 WGM01 CS02 CS01 CS00 TCCR0

OCF2 TOV2 ICF1 OCF1A OCF1B TOV1 OCF0 TOV0 TIFR

 For a square wave with T = 10 µs we must have a time delay of 5 µs. Because
XTAL = 10 MHz, the counter counts up every 0.1 µs. This means that we need 5
µs / 0.1 µs = 50 clocks. Therefore, we have OCR0= 49 (N-1).
.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC" DDRB |= 1<<3;
LDI R16,0x08
PORTB &= ~(1<<3);
SBI DDRB,3 ;PB3 as an output
LDI R17,0 while (1)
OUT PORTB,R17
{
LDI R20,49
OUT OCR0,R20 ;load timer0 OCR1 = 49;
BEGIN: LDI R20,0x09
OUT TCCR0,R20 ;Timer0,CTC mode,int clk TCCR0 = 0x09;
AGAIN: IN R20,TIFR ;read TIFR
SBRS R20,OCF0 ;if OCF0 is set skip next while((TIFR&(1<<OCF0))==0);
RJMP AGAIN
LDI R20,0x0 TCCR0 = 0; //stop timer0
OUT TCCR0,R20 ;stop Timer0 TIFR = 0x02;
LDI R20,0x02
OUT TIFR,R20 ;clear TOV0 flag PORTB.3 = ~PORTB.3;
EOR R17,R16 ;toggle D3 of R17 }
OUT PORTB,R17 ;toggle PB3
RJMP BEGIN
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 Timer2
 Timer0  Timer2

TCCR0 TCCR2

TCNT0 TCNT2

TOV0 TOV2
= OCF0 = OCF2

OCR0 OCR2

OCF2 TOV2 ICF1 OCF1A OCF1B TOV1 OCF0 TOV0 TIFR

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The difference between Timer0 and Timer2
 Timer0  Timer2

CS02 CS01 CS00 Comment CS22 CS21 CS20 Comment

0 0 0 Timer/Counter stopped 0 0 0 Timer/Counter stopped
0 0 1 clk (No Prescaling) 0 0 1 clk (No Prescaling)
0 1 0 clk / 8 0 1 0 clk / 8
0 1 1 clk / 64 0 1 1 clk / 32
1 0 0 clk / 256 1 0 0 clk / 64
1 0 1 clk / 1024 1 0 1 clk / 128
1 1 0 External clock (falling edge) 1 1 0 clk / 256
1 1 1 External clock (rising edge) 1 1 1 clk / 1024
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 Timer 1
OCR1BH OCR1BL

= OCF1B

TCCR1A TCCR1B TCNT1H TCNT1L

TOV1 = OCF1A

OCR1AH OCR1AL

OCF2 TOV2 ICF1 OCF1A OCF1B TOV1 OCF0 TOV0 TIFR

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 COM1A1 COM1A0 COM1B1 COM1B0 FOC1A FOC1B WGM11 WGM10 TCCR1A

ICNC1 ICES1 - WGM13 WGM12 CS12 CS11 CS10 TCCR1B

Clock Selector (CS)

CS12 CS11 CS10 Comment PSR10

0 0 0 No clock source (Timer/Counter
Clear
stopped)
0 0 1 clkIO
clk (No Prescaling) 10-bit T/C Prescaler
0 1 0 clk / 8

clk/8

clk/64
clk/256

clk/1024
0 1 1 clk / 64
1 0 0 clk / 256 T1
1 0 1 clk / 1024 0
1 1 0 External clock source on T0 pin. Clock on falling edge
1 1 1 External clock source 0on 1T0 pin. Clock on5 rising edge
CS10 2 3 4 6 7
CS11
CS12

Timer/Counter1 clock
source

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Assuming XTAL = 10 MHz write a program that toggles
PB5 once per millisecond, using Normal mode.
XTALLDI = 10 MHz  1/10
.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"
R16,HIGH(RAMEND) MHzpointer
;init stack = 0.1 µs
Num.LDI of
OUT
machine cycles = 1 ms / 0.1 µs = 10,000
SPH,R16
R16,LOW(RAMEND)

TCNT1
OUT
SBI = 65,536
SPL,R16
DDRB,5 – an10,000
;PB5 as output = 55,536 = $D8F0
BEGIN:SBI PORTB,5 ;PB5 = 1
RCALL DELAY_1ms
CBI PORTB,5 ;PB5 = 0
RCALL DELAY_1ms TCNT1H TCNT1L
RJMP BEGIN

DELAY_1ms:
LDI
LDI R20,0xD8
R20,HIGH(-10000) ; load -N
OUT
OUT TCNT1H,R20
TCNT1H,R20 ;TEMP = 0xD8
LDI
LDI R20,0xF0
R20,LOW(-10000)
OUT
OUT TCNT1L,R20
TCNT1L,R20 ;TCNT1L
;Timer1 =overflows
0xF0, TCNT1H
after= 10000
TEMP machine cycles
LDI R20,0x00
OUT TCCR1A,R20 ;WGM11:10=00
LDI R20,0x01
OUT TCCR1B,R20 ;WGM13:12=00,CS=CLK
AGAIN:IN R20,TIFR ;read TIFR
SBRS R20,TOV1 ;if OCF1A is set skip next instruction
RJMP AGAIN
LDI R20,1<<TOV1
OUT TIFR,R20 ;clear TOV1 flag
LDI R19,0
OUT TCCR1B,R19 ;stop timer
OUT TCCR1A,R19 ;
RET
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 LDI R16,LOW(-10000)
OUT TCNT1L,R16
LDI R16,HIGH(-10000)
OUT TCNT1H,R16

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 TCNT0 = 256 –N
TCNT0 = -N

TCNT1L = LOW(-N)
TCNT1H = HIGH(-N)

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 TEMP register
Data bus (8-bit)

TEMP (8-bit)

OCR1xH (8-bit) OCR1xL (8-bit) TCNT1H (8-bit) TCNT1L (8-bit)

OCR1x (16-bit Register) TCNT1 (16-bit Counter)

OCR1xH buf. OCR1xL buf.

Note: OCR1x is OCR1A or OCR1B
OCR1x buffer (16-bit Register)

LDI R20,0xF3
IN R20,TCNT1L
a = TCNT1L;
TCNT1H = 0xF3;
OUT TCNT1H,R20
IN R21,TCNT1H
b = TCNT1H;
TCNT1L = 0x53;
LDI R20,0x53
OUT TCNT1L,R20
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Assuming XTAL = 10 MHz write a program that toggles
PB5 once per millisecond, using CTC mode.
.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"
LDI R16,HIGH(RAMEND)
OUT SPH,R16
LDI R16,LOW(RAMEND)
OUT SPL,R16
SBI DDRB,5 ;PB5 as an output
BEGIN:SBI PORTB,5 ;PB5 = 1
RCALL DELAY_1ms
CBI PORTB,5 ;PB5 = 0
RCALL DELAY_1ms
RJMP BEGIN

DELAY_1ms:
LDI R20,0x00
OUT TCNT1H,R20 ;TEMP = 0
OUT TCNT1L,R20 ;TCNT1L = 0, TCNT1H = TEMP

LDI R20,0x27 ; load N-1 in OCR1AH:OCR1AL, 9999 = 0x27 0F

OUT OCR1AH,R20 ;TEMP = 0x27
LDI R20,0x0F
OUT OCR1AL,R20 ;OCR1AL = 0x0F, OCR1AH = TEMP

LDI R20,0x00
OUT TCCR1A,R20 ;WGM11:10=00
LDI R20,0x09
OUT TCCR1B,R20 ;WGM13:12=01,CS=CLK
AGAIN:
IN R20,TIFR ;read TIFR
SBRS R20,OCF1A ;if OCF1A is set skip next instruction
RJMP AGAIN
LDI R20,1<<OCF1A
OUT TIFR,R20 ;clear OCF1A flag
LDI R19,0
OUT TCCR1B,R19 ;stop timer
OUT TCCR1A,R19 ;
RET

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 Counting

The AVR microcontroller

and embedded
systems
using assembly and c

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 Counting
PSR10

Clear
clkIO 10-bit T/C Prescaler

clk/8

clk/64

clk/1024
clk/256
T0
0

CS00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CS01 T0
CS02

Timer/Counter0 clock
source

7
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Assembly and C Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights
Example Assuming that clock pulses are fed into pin T0, write a program for counter 0
in normal mode to count the pulses on falling edge and display the state of the TCNT0
count on PORTC.
.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"
CBI DDRB,0 ;make T0 (PB0) input PSR10

LDI R20,0xFF clkIO

Clear
10-bit T/C Prescaler
OUT DDRC,R20 ;make PORTC output

clk/64
clk/256
clk/8

clk/1024
LDI R20,0x06
T0
OUT TCCR0,R20 ;counter, falling edge
0
AGAIN:
IN R20,TCNT0
CS00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
OUT PORTC,R20 ;PORTC = TCNT0 CS01
IN R16,TIFR CS02

SBRS R16,TOV0
RJMP AGAIN ;keep doing it Timer/Counter0 clock
source
LDI R16,1<<TOV0
OUT TIFR, R16
RJMP AGAIN ;keep doing it

FOC0 WGM00 COM01 COM00 WGM01 CS02 CS01 CS00 TCCR0

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Assembly and C Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights
Assuming that clock pulses are fed into pin T1. Write a program for counter 1 in CTC
mode to make PORTC.0 high every 100 pulses.
.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"

CBI DDRB,1 ;make T1 (PB1) input

SBI DDRC,0 ;PC0 as an output

LDI R20,0x0
OUT TCCR1A,R20
LDI R20,0x0E ; WGM = 0100 for CTC mode, clock = 110
OUT TCCR1B,R20 ;CTC, counter, falling edge
AGAIN:
LDI R20,0
OUT OCR1AH,R20 ;TEMP = 0
LDI R20,99
OUT OCR1AL,R20 ;ORC1L = R20, OCR1H = TEMP
L1: IN R20,TIFR
SBRS R20,OCF1A
RJMP L1 ;keep doing it
LDI R20,1<<OCF1A ;clear OCF1A flag
OUT TIFR, R20

SBI PORTC,0 ;PC0 = 1

CBI PORTC,0 ;PC0 = 0
RJMP AGAIN ;keep doing it

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Assembly and C Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights