Ch.9 Aqueous Solutions & Chemical Equilibria

Ch.
9 Aqueous Solutions &

Chemical Equilibria
Classifying Solutions of Electrolytes
Electrolytes – form ions when dissolved in solution and

thus produce solutions that conduct electricity. Ex. NaCl,
CaCO3, CH3COOH
Strong electrolytes –ionize/dissociate completely in a

solvent.
Weak electrolytes – ionize only partially.

Formation of Solution
Solution – a homogeneous mixture
Solute – the component of a solution present in smaller

amount
Solvent – the component of a solution in larger amount
Dissolution process – a physical process; happens when

the interaction between the solute and solvent
molecules is stronger than the solute-solute or solvent-
solvent interaction.
Note: A polar solute dissolves in a polar solvent while a nonpolar solute

dissolves in a nonpolar solvent, i.e. “Like dissolves like.”
Acids and Bases
•Bronsted-Lowry definition
Acid- a proton donor
Base – a proton acceptor
Conjugate acid –the product formed after a base accepts a

proton.
Conjugate base – the product formed after an acid gives up a
proton.
Note: The stronger the parent acid/base, the weaker the

conjugate base/acid.
Ex: NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
base acid conj. acid conj. base
H2O + HNO2 H3O+ + NO2-

base acid conj. acid conj. Base
hydronium ion
Amphiprotic species – can act either as an acid or a base.

Ex: H2O, H2PO4-
Zwitterion – a species that have both positive and

negative charge. Ex:
NH2CH2COOH NH3+CH2COO-
glycine zwitterion
Autoprotolysis – self-ionization of amphiprotic solvents
Ex: H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH-
CH3OH + CH3OH CH3OH2+ + CH3O-
Strengths of Acids and Bases
Strong acids/bases – undergo complete dissociation in

solution
Weak acids/bases – react incompletely with water to

give solutions containing significant quantities of both the
parent acid/base and its conjugate acid/base.
(see p.197, Fig. 9-2)
Strong Acids
HCl
HNO3
H2SO4
HI
HBr
HClO4
Strong Bases
LiOH
NaOH
KOH
Ca(OH)2
Sr(OH)2
Ba(OH)2
Differentiating solvent – causes incomplete dissociation of
strong acids thereby revealing the inherent differences in
their acidities.
Leveling solvent – causes complete dissociation of strong

acids thus, it does not show differences in strength.
Chemical Equilibrium
- a state in which the ratio of the concentration
of the reactants and products is constant.
Equilibrium constant expressions

- are algebraic equations that describe
the concentration relationships among reactants and
products at equilibrium.
Le Chatelier’s principle
- states that the direction of equilibrium always
shifts in a direction that tends to relieve the effect of an
applied stress.
Mass-action effect
- an equilibrium shift caused by changing the
amount of one of the reactants or products.
Equilibrium Constant Expressions, K
Consider the reaction

aA + bB cC + dD where a,b,c,d
are coefficients
of reactants &
products
K = [C]c [D]d
[A]a [B]b where [ ] is the concentration of A,B,C,D
Note: K, the equilibrium constant, is temperature-
dependent.
Common Equilibrium Constants Used
Ion- product constant, Kw

Solubility product, Ksp
Dissociation constant, Ka or Kb
The square-bracketed terms are:
1. molar concentrations if they represent dissolved solutes;
2. partial pressures in atmosphere (atm) if they are gas-

phase reactants or products with the symbol pz which stands
for the partial pressure of gas Z in atmospheres.
Applying the Ion-Constant Product for Water
2H2O H3O+ + OH-
Kw = [H3O+] [OH-]
Note:
1. In dilute solutions, the change in the concentration of water
is insignificant, thus, it does not appear in the equilibrium
expression.
2. If we take the –log of Kw = -log [H3O+] – log [OH-]
thus, pKw = pH + pOH = 14
Using Solubility Product Constants, Ksp
Calculate the concentration of ions in a saturated solution

at 25°C of the following: (See Appendix 2 for Ksp values)
1)Al(OH)3 Ksp= 3 x 10-34
2) BaCO3 Ksp= 5.0 x 10-9
3) BaCrO4 Ksp= 2.1 x 10-10

Solution:
1) Al(OH)3 (s) Al3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)
Let x = [Al3+] and 3x=[OH-]
Ksp = (x) (3x)3
3 x 10-34 = 27x4
X= 1.88 x 10-9 M= [Al3+]

3x= 3(1.88 x 10-9 M)= 5.64 x 10-9M= [OH-]
These are the concentration of the ions in a saturated solution of aluminum

hydroxide.
Solution:
2) BaCO3 (s) Ba2+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
Let x = [Ba2+] = [CO32-]
Ksp = (x) (x)
5.0 x 10-9 = x2
X=7.07 x 10-5 M= [Ba2+] = [CO32-]

These are the concentrations of barium and carbonate ions in a saturated
solution of barium carbonate.
3) Answer: [Ba2+]= [CrO42-]= 1.45 x 10-5 M

EXERCISE 2
Refer to Appendix 2 (Solubility Product Constants at 25⁰C)
Upload your answers in the NEUVLE on or before 12midnoon of April 26, 2021.
1. Write the dissociation equation of the following compounds.

a) barium sulfate
b) barium oxalate
c) barium iodate
d) calcium hydroxide
e) ferric hydroxide
2. Calculate the concentration of the ions in a saturated solution.

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Ch.

9 Aqueous Solutions &

Electrolytes – form ions when dissolved in solution and

Strong electrolytes –ionize/dissociate completely in a

Weak electrolytes – ionize only partially.

Solution – a homogeneous mixture

Solute – the component of a solution present in smaller

Solvent – the component of a solution in larger amount

Dissolution process – a physical process; happens when

Note: A polar solute dissolves in a polar solvent while a nonpolar solute

Conjugate acid –the product formed after a base accepts a

Note: The stronger the parent acid/base, the weaker the

H2O + HNO2 H3O+ + NO2-

Amphiprotic species – can act either as an acid or a base.

Zwitterion – a species that have both positive and

CH3OH + CH3OH CH3OH2+ + CH3O-

Strengths of Acids and Bases

Strong acids/bases – undergo complete dissociation in

Weak acids/bases – react incompletely with water to

Leveling solvent – causes complete dissociation of strong

Equilibrium constant expressions

Consider the reaction

Common Equilibrium Constants Used

Ion- product constant, Kw

1. molar concentrations if they represent dissolved solutes;

2. partial pressures in atmosphere (atm) if they are gas-

2H2O H3O+ + OH-

Calculate the concentration of ions in a saturated solution

1)Al(OH)3 Ksp= 3 x 10-34

2) BaCO3 Ksp= 5.0 x 10-9

3) BaCrO4 Ksp= 2.1 x 10-10

1) Al(OH)3 (s) Al3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)

Let x = [Al3+] and 3x=[OH-]

Ksp = (x) (3x)3

X= 1.88 x 10-9 M= [Al3+]

These are the concentration of the ions in a saturated solution of aluminum

2) BaCO3 (s) Ba2+(aq) + CO32-(aq)

Let x = [Ba2+] = [CO32-]

Ksp = (x) (x)

X=7.07 x 10-5 M= [Ba2+] = [CO32-]

3) Answer: [Ba2+]= [CrO42-]= 1.45 x 10-5 M

1. Write the dissociation equation of the following compounds.

2. Calculate the concentration of the ions in a saturated solution.

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