LINUX

ADMINISTRATION
ARCHITECTURE OF LINUX
B.Tech CTIS Sem 6
TEAM MEMBERS

• Mohammed Zaid Qureshi

• Prem Mahendra Kothari
• Prathvi Kothari
• G. Lokesh Kumar Nayak

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INTRODUCTION

What is Linux ?
• It is a free and open-source operating system
• The code used to create Linux is free and available to the public to view and edit
• It was created by Linus Torvalds
• Some basic feature of linux are Portable, Multi-user, Multiprogramming and Open Source
• There are different flavors of linux.

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ARCHITECTURE OF LINUX

Linux architecture has the following components:

• Hardware Layer
• Kernel
• Shell
• Applications / Utilities 

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 HARDWARE LAYER

• The hardware is the first layer. It is the base layer of any operating system.
• It consists of all peripheral devices like RAM, hard disk, CPU.
• This layer is not part of UNIX operating system.
• RAM is the most important and highly used component.

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HARDWARE LAYER

• Why is RAM considered most important?

• Work of CPU
• All hardware components connect through the motherboard.
• The hard disk stores data permanently.
• The NIC connects the system to the network.

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KERNEL
• A Kernel is a computer program that is the heart and core of an Operating System.
• It is just a program which bootloader loads in the memory to perform a variety of tasks (One of the task is providing application interface to interact
with the hard ware and the driver)
• Whenever a system starts, the Kernel is the first program that is loaded after the bootloader because the Kernel has to handle the rest of the thing of
the system for the Operating System.

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FUNCTIONS OF KERNEL

• Access Computer resource: A Kernel can access various computer resources like the CPU, I/O devices and other resources. It acts as a bridge
between the user and the resources of the system.

• Resource Management: It is the duty of a Kernel to share the resources between various process in such a way that there is uniform access to
the resources by every process.

• Memory Management: Every process needs some memory space. So, memory must be allocated and deallocated for its execution. All these
memory management is done by a Kernel.

• Device Management: The peripheral devices connected in the system are used by the processes. So, the allocation of these devices is managed
by the Kernel.

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KERNEL MODE AND USER MODE
User Mode :
• The system is in user mode when the operating system is running a user application such as handling a text editor.
• The transition from user mode to kernel mode occurs when the application requests the help of operating system or an interrupt
or a system call occurs.
• The mode bit is set to 1 in the user mode. It is changed from 1 to 0 when switching from user mode to kernel mode.

Kernel Mode:
• The system starts in kernel mode when it boots and after the operating system is loaded, it executes applications in user mode.
• There are some privileged instructions that can only be executed in kernel mode.
• The mode bit is set to 0 in the kernel mode. It is changed from 0 to 1 when switching from kernel mode to user mode.

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TYPES OF KERNEL

• Monolithic Kernel: Monolithic Kernels are those Kernels where the user services and the kernel services are implemented in the
same memory space.

• Micro Kernel: A Microkernel is different from Monolithic kernel because in a Microkernel, the user services and kernel services
are implemented into different spaces i.e. we use User Space and Kernel Space in case of Microkernels.

• Hybrid Kernel: A Hybrid Kernel is a combination of both Monolithic Kernel and Microkernel. It makes the use of the speed of
Monolithic Kernel and the modularity of Microkernel.

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 WHAT IS SHELL?
* A shell is special user program which provide an interface to user to use operating system services.
* Shell accept human readable commands from user and convert them into something which kernel can understand.
* It is a command language interpreter that execute commands read from input devices such as keyboards or from files.
* The shell gets started when the user logs in or start the terminal.

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CATEGORIES OF SHELL

* Shell is broadly classified into two categories CLS & GS.

* CLS command line shell can be accessed by user using a command line interface.
* GS Graphical shells provide means for manipulating programs based on GUI.
* Command line shells provide a command-line interface (CLI) to the operating system, while graphical shells provide a
graphical user interface (GUI).

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 TYPES OF SHELLS

* There are several shells which are available for unix system BASH, CSH, KSH
* Bash (Bourne Again Shell ) is the free version of the Bourne shell distributed with Linux and GNU operating systems.
* csh is a command language interpreter with many powerful features, including a history mechanism, job control facilities,
interactive file name and username completion
* KSH is a shell and programming language that executes commands read from a terminal or a file.

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SHELL RELATIONSHIP

* When you move from one shell to another, unix remembers the path you followed.
* Your login shell is always the senior shell in the relationship.
* Each shell does the same job but understand different commands and provide different functions.
* With shells, you can create projects to show relationships and hierarchy or more accurately represent a real-world physical or
organizational structure.

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UTILITIES

• Utility programs are the commands that perform a single task like printing date, presenta directory.
• Some examples of linux utility are rm,ls,chmod.
• Pipeline(|) can combine command.

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USER PROCESS

GUI (Graphical User Interface)

CLI (Command-Line Interface)

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SOME LINUX APPLICATION

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FIREFOX WEB BROWSER
It is mostly pre-install web browser in linux.

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NOTEKEEPING

• CherryTree.
• Joplin
• Evernote.
• Simple note

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MEDIA PLAYER
• Parole.
• VLC media player.
• GNOME Video.

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THANK YOU

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