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Dna: The Genetic Code: Gabriel A. Abrigonda, L.Agr

This document provides an overview of DNA and genetics. It defines genetics as the study of heredity and genes, which store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next. DNA is described as the molecule that carries the genetic code in organisms. It is made up of nucleotides, each containing a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G), a sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate. Sections of DNA known as genes encode instructions to make proteins and molecules that allow cells to function.

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Gabriel Atentar Abrigonda
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64 views15 pages

Dna: The Genetic Code: Gabriel A. Abrigonda, L.Agr

This document provides an overview of DNA and genetics. It defines genetics as the study of heredity and genes, which store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next. DNA is described as the molecule that carries the genetic code in organisms. It is made up of nucleotides, each containing a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G), a sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate. Sections of DNA known as genes encode instructions to make proteins and molecules that allow cells to function.

Uploaded by

Gabriel Atentar Abrigonda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DNA: THE

GENETIC
CODE
CHAPTER I
Gabriel A. Abrigonda, L.Agr.
WHAT IS GENETICS?
GENETICS
• Genetics is the study of heredity in general and of genes in
particular. Genetics forms one of the central pillars of biology
and overlaps with many other areas, such as agriculture,
medicine, and biotechnology.
• Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of
genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.
HEREDITY AND GENES
• Heredity: the transmission of genetic information from one
generation to the next generation
• Genes: Provide continuity between generations that is
essential for life
• Control to a large extent the structure, function, & development
of an organism during each generation
• Store the information in a molecular code or the information
bank of the cell
Cell – chromosome – DNA – Gene - Nucleotides

• Cell – building blocks of body/ basic • This DNA contains the


unit of life instructions that guide how a cell
• Almost all of the body’s trillion of cells functions, encoded within a
contains complete copy of a person’s
sequence of units represented by
DNA information, Packaged within
letters A, T, C and G. Sections of
thread called chromosomes. Most
human cells contains 46 DNA known as genes which are
chromosomes, 23 from each parent. used to make proteins and other
• Within a chromosome, DNA is wound molecules that help the cell to
tightly around proteins called histones. carry out its specific functions.
WHAT IS DNA?
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

• DNA (or deoxyribonucleic acid) is the


molecule that carries the genetic information
in all cellular forms of life and some viruses.
It belongs to a class of molecules called the
nucleic acids, which are polynucleotides -
that is, long chains of nucleotides.
DNA structure

• Each nucleotide consists of three


components: a nitrogenous
base: cytosine (C), guanine (G),
adenine (A) or thymine (T) a five-
carbon sugar molecule
(deoxyribose in the case of DNA)
a phosphate molecule
nucleotide
• A nucleotide is the basic building block of
nucleic acids. ... A nucleotide consists of a sugar
molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in
DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a
nitrogen-containing base. The bases used in DNA
are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and
thymine (T).
COMPARISON: PURINES & PYRAMIDINES

• Purines and pyrimidines are the nitrogen bases that hold DNA strands
together through hydrogen bonds.
• They pair together through complementary pairing based on Chargaff’s
Rule (A::T and G::C).
• The purines in DNA are adenine and guanine, the same as in RNA.
• The pyrimidines in DNA are cytosine and thymine; in RNA, they are
cytosine and uracil.
• Purines are larger than pyrimidines because they have a two-ring
structure while pyrimidines only have a single ring.
THANK YOU!

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