DATA COMMUNICATION AND

NETWORKING
CHAPTER 1
• DATA COMMUNICATION
• COMPONENTS
• DATA REPRESENTATION
• DATA TRNSMISSION MODE
• DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING
• NETWORK
• TYPES OF NETWORK
• NETWORK STRUCTURE
• NETWORK TOPOLOGY
• NETWORK MEDIA
• NETWORK HARDWARE
• NETWORK PROTOCOLS
Presented by Kalpita Vartak
 DATA COMMUNICATION

Definition
“Data communications are
exchange of data between two
devices via some form of
transmission medium such as
cable or wire or even wireless”.
Characteristics
• Delivery
• Accuracy
• Timeliness
• Jitter

Presented by Kalpita Vartak

 Components of data communication

• 1. Message - It is the information to be

communicated. Popular forms of information include
text, pictures, audio, video etc. Text is converted to
binary, number doesn't converted, image is converted
to pixels, etc.

2. Sender - It is the device which sends the data

messages. It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset etc.

3. Receiver - It is the device which receives the data

messages. It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset etc.

4. Transmission Medium - It is the physical path by

which a message travels from sender to receiver.
Some examples include twisted-pair wire, coaxial
cable, radio waves etc.

5. Protocol - It is a set of rules that governs the data

communications. It represents an agreement between
the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two
devices may be connected but not communicating.
Presented by Kalpita Vartak
 Data Representation
• Text is represented as a bit pattern, a sequence of bits (0s or 1s).
• For text representation American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) codes
Text are used

• Numbers are also represented by bit pattern. Here ASCII codes are not used but number is
directly converted into a binary number(0s or 1s).
Number

• Images refers to the stilt pictures. Images are also represented by bit patterns in its simplest
form, an image is composed of a matrix of pixels, where each pixel is small dot.
Image • Number of pixels depends on the resolution.

• Audio refers to the recording or broadcasting of sound or music.

• Audio is by different from text, numbers or images. Audio is in continuous form
Audio

• Video refers to recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie. Video can either be produced
as continuous entity or it can be a combination of images, where each separate entity is
Video arranged to convey an idea.

Presented by Kalpita Vartak

Presented by Kalpita Vartak
Presented by Kalpita Vartak
 What is Network?
• A network consists of two or
more computers that are linked
in order to share resources
exchange files, or allow
electronic communications.

• The computers on a network

may be linked through cables,
telephone lines, radio waves,
satellites.

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 Importance or Advantages of computer network

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 Different Types of
Networks
Depending upon the geographical area covered by a network, it is
classified as:
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Personal Area Network (PAN)

Presented by Kalpita Vartak

 Local Area Network (LAN)
• A LAN is a network that is used for communicating
among computer devices, usually within an office
building or home.
• LAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or
hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users.
• Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred
meters, and no more than a mile.
• Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps.
• Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting
to each device.
• LAN’s can be either wired or wireless. Twisted pair,
coax or fiber optic cable can be used in wired LAN’s.
• Every LAN uses a protocol – a set of rules that
governs how packets are configured and transmitted.
• Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s
• Nodes in a LAN are linked together with a certain
topology. These topologies include: Bus, Ring, Star.

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 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a
large computer network that usually spans
a city or a large campus.
• A MAN is optimized for a larger
geographical area than a LAN, ranging
from several blocks of buildings to entire
cities.
• A MAN might be owned and operated by
a single organization, but it usually will
be used by many individuals and
organizations.
• A MAN often acts as a high speed
network to allow sharing of regional
resources.
• A MAN typically covers an area of
between 5 and 50 km diameter.
• Examples of MAN: Telephone company
network that provides a high speed DSL
to customers and cable TV network.
Presented by Kalpita Vartak
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
• WAN covers a large geographic area
such as country, continent or even
whole of the world.
• A WAN is two or more LANs connected
together. The LANs can be many miles
apart.
• To cover great distances, WANs may
transmit data over leased high-speed
phone lines or wireless links such as
satellites.
• Multiple LANs can be connected
together using devices such as bridges,
routers, or gateways, which enable them
to share data.
• The world's most popular WAN is the
Internet.

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 Difference between LAN, MAN and WAN
LAN MAN WAN
LAN stands for local area MAN stands for metropolitan WAN stands for wide area
network. area network. network.

MAN’s ownership can be While WAN also might not be

LAN’s ownership is private.
private or public. owned by one organization.

The transmission speed of a While the transmission speed of Whereas the transmission speed
LAN is high. a MAN is average. of a WAN is low.

The propagation delay is short There is a moderate propagation Whereas, there is a long
in a LAN. delay in a MAN. propagation delay in a WAN.

There is less congestion in While there is more congestion Whereas there is more
LAN. in MAN. congestion than MAN in WAN.

While MAN’s design and Whereas WAN’s design and

LAN’s design and maintenance
maintenance is difficult than maintenance is also difficult
is easy.
LAN. than LAN as well MAN.

There is more fault tolerance in While there is less fault In WAN, there is also less fault
LAN.
Presented by Kalpita Vartak tolerance. tolerance.
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
• PAN is the interconnection of information
technology devices within the range of an
individual person, typically within a
range of 10 meters.
• For Example: a person traveling with a
laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA),
and a portable printer could interconnect
them without having to plug anything in,
using some form of wireless technology
such as WiFi. Typically, this kind of
personal area network could also be
interconnected without wires to the Internet
or other networks. You can use PAN
networks to transfer files including email
and calendar appointments, digital photos
and music etc from your portable devices
such as phones and tablets to PC and vice
versa.

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 Network Architecture /structure

• Network architecture is the

overall design of computer
network that describes how a
computer network is configured
and what strategies are being
used.
• It is mainly focuses on the
function of networks.
• It is also known as Network
Model or Network Design.
• Two main network architecture:
Client/server network and Peer
to peer network

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 Client/server network and Peer to peer network

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Difference between Client/server and Peer-to-peer stucture

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 What Is Network Topology?
• The geometrical arrangement of computer resources, remote devices &
communication facilities is known as network topology.
• Network topology refers to how various nodes, devices, and connections on
your network are physically or logically arranged in relation to each other.
• There are several ways to arrange a network. Each has advantages and
disadvantages and depending on the needs of your company, certain
arrangements can give you a greater degree of connectivity and security.
• There are two approaches to network topology: physical and logical.
• Physical network topology, as the name suggests, refers to the physical
connections and interconnections between nodes and the network—the wires,
cables, and so forth.
• Logical network topology is a little more abstract and strategic, referring to
the conceptual understanding of how and why the network is arranged the
way it is, and how data moves through it.

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 Types of Topology
• Star Topology
• Bus Topology
• Ring/Loop Topology
• Mesh Topology

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 STAR TOPOLOGY
• In this type of topology all the computers are connected to
a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node
and all others nodes are connected to the central node.
• Acting as a server, this central node manages data
transmission—as information sent from any node on the
network has to pass through the central one to reach its
destination—and functions as a repeater, which helps
prevent data loss.

• Features of Star Topology

1. Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.

2. Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.

3. Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial

cable.

Presented by Kalpita Vartak

• Advantages of Star Topology

• Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.

• Hub can be upgraded easily.

• Easy to troubleshoot.

• Easy to setup and modify.

• Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work smoothly.

• Disadvantages of Star Topology

• Cost of installation is high.

• Expensive to use.

• If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on the hub.

• Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity

Presented by Kalpita Vartak

 BUS TOPOLOGY
• Bus topology is a network type in which every computer
and network device is connected to single cable. When it
has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus
topology.
Features of Bus Topology
• It transmits data only in one direction.
• Every device is connected to a single cable

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Advantages of Bus Topology

• It is cost effective.
• Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
• Used in small networks.
• It is easy to understand.
• Easy to expand joining two cables together.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

• Cables fails then whole network fails.

• If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the network
decreases.
• Cable has a limited length.
• It is slower than the ring topology.

Presented by Kalpita Vartak

 RING TOPOLOGY
• It is called ring topology because it forms a
ring as each computer is connected to another
computer, with the last one connected to the
first. Exactly two neighbors for each device.
• Features of Ring Topology
• A number of repeaters are used for Ring
topology with large number of nodes, because
if someone wants to send some data to the
last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes,
then the data will have to pass through 99
nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to
prevent data loss repeaters are used in the
network.
• The transmission is unidirectional.

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Advantages of Ring Topology

Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more

nodes, as only the nodes having tokens can transmit data.

Cheap to install and expand

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.

Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.

Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.

Presented by Kalpita Vartak

 MESH TOPOLOGY
• It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or
devices. All the network nodes are connected to each
other.
• There are two techniques to transmit data over the
Mesh topology, they are :
Routing
• In routing, the nodes have a routing logic, as per the
network requirements. Like routing logic to direct the
data to reach the destination using the shortest distance.
Or, routing logic which has information about the
broken links, and it avoids those node etc. We can even
have routing logic, to re-configure the failed nodes.
Flooding
• In flooding, the same data is transmitted to all the
network nodes, hence no routing logic is required. The
network is robust, and the its very unlikely to lose the
data. But it leads to unwanted load over the network.

Presented by Kalpita Vartak

 Advantages of Mesh Topology
Each connection can carry its own data load.
It is robust.
Fault is diagnosed easily.
Provides security and privacy.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

Installation and configuration is difficult.
Cabling cost is more.
Bulk wiring is required.

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 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• Sending of data from one device to another is called
transmission of data.
• Medium used to transmit the data is called media.
• Transmission of data through medium is called transmission
media. So, it is a pathway that carries the information from
sender to receiver.

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 TYPES OF
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• There are two main groups of
transmission media, namely
the guided medium and the
wireless medium/ unguided
medium. TRANSMISSION
MEDIA

• For the guided medium, there

is a physical path (such as a GUIDED
TRANSMISSION
UNGUIDED
TRANSMISSION

cable) for electromagnetic MEDIA MEDIA

wave propagation.
• For the wireless medium,
TWISTED PAIR FIBER OPTIC
COAXIAL CABLE RADIO WAVES MICROWAVES INFRARED
CABLE CABLE

however, the electromagnetic

wave is transmitted through
air, water, or vacuum.

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 Wired or Guided Media or Bound
Transmission Media
• Guided transmission media are the cables that are tangible or
have physical existence and are limited by the physical
geography.
• Examples of guided transmission media are:
1. Twisted pair cable
o Shielded twisted pair cable
o Unshielded twisted pair cable

2. Co-axial cable
3. Fiber optical cable
• Each of them has its own characteristics like transmission
speed, effect of noise, physical appearance, cost etc.

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 Twisted pair cable
• A twisted pair consists of two
conductors (normally copper),
each with its own plastic
insulation, twisted together.
• Low frequency transmission
medium
• We can transmit 1 Mbps over
short distances (less than 100m).
• They are mainly used to transmit
analog signals, but they can be
used for digital signals.
• Types of Twisted Pair Cable:
- UTP (Unshielded Twisted-Pair)
- STP (Shielded Twisted-Pair

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 Advantages & Disadvantages

• Advantages: • Disadvantages:
• Inexpensive and readily • Susceptibility to interference
available and noise
• Flexible and light weight • Attenuation problem
o For analog, repeaters
• Easy to work with and
needed every 5-6km
install
o For digital, repeaters
needed every 2-3km
• Relatively low bandwidth
(3000Hz)

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 Thank you

Presented by Kalpita Vartak