Bsspar1 Rg30 Chapter 12 (E) Gprs

BSSPAR1: Chapter 12
(E)GPRS
©2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Course Objectives
• Give an overview of system principles

• Explain parameters required for enabling GPRS/EGPRS
• Explain the parameter for EGPRS resource allocation and the setting of CS and
PS territory parameters
• Describe parameters for TSL utilization and TBF release delay
• Summarize parameters controlling link adaptation in GPRS and EGPRS
• Describe the parameters used for multiplexing
• Explain how power control is done in EGPRS and the parameters controlling it
For internal use Document ID / Version number / Life cycle status / Department / Author
3 9/24/21 ©2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.
System Principles
•Network elements and interfaces
•Protocols
•Air interface and logical channels

(E)GPRS Network Infrastructure
MS
BSC MSC PSTN

BTS
SS7 SMS-GMSC
Network
SGSN HLR/AuC
SGSN Nokia EIR CG
Security GW
Nokia Router DNS
Security GW Nokia IP650
STM-1 sec GW
Router
Router
LAN LIG
SWIT
GPRS IP CH
Backbone GGSN
Network
GGSN Nokia IP650
sec GW
Router
Router
STM-1
Nokia IP650 Corporate 1
Intranet
sec GW
MODEM
POOL FOR DIALUP
Nokia
Internet
Security GW Corporate 2
Nokia Intranet
SGSN Security GW
MODEM
For internal use DocumentPOOL FOR DIALUP
ID / Version number / Life cycle status / Department / Author
SGSN
(E)GPRS Network Elements and Primary Functions
SGSN GGSN Domain Name Server
• Mobility Management GTP tunnelling to • Translates IP host names to IP addresses
• MS Authentication
other GSNs • Makes IP network configuration easier
Secure interfaces to • In GPRS backbone SGSN uses DNS to get
• Ciphering external networks GGSN and SGSN IP addresses
• Interaction with VLR/HLR Charging & statistics • Two DNS servers in the backbone to provide
• Charging and statistics IP address redundancy
• GTP tunnelling to other GSNs
management
Border Gateway Charging Gateway Legal Interception Gateway

• Interconnects different GPRS • Enables authorities to intercept subscriber
CDR consolidation
operators' backbones data and signaling
Forwarding CDR • Chasing criminal activity
• Enables GPRS roaming information to billing • Operator personnel has very limited access to
• Standard Nokia IP router
family
center LI functionality
• LI is required when launching the GPRS
service
NSN - Fully ETSI Compliant Interfaces
SMS-GMSC
SM-SC
SMS-IWMSC
E C
Gd
MSC/VLR HLR
D
Gs
A Gc
Gr
Gb Gi
TE MT BSS SGSN GGSN PDN TE
R Um Gn
Gn EIR
Gp
Gf
SGSN GGSN
Other PLMN
Signaling Interface
Signaling and Data Transfer Interface
Bursts on the Air Interface – Mapping RLC blocks
RLC Blocks
RLC/MAC Blocks
Note: Amount of RLC
1 TDMA frame = 4.615 ms blocks per radio block
= BURST PERIOD TDMA Bursts depends on used
(modulation) coding
0 70 70 70 7
scheme (M)CS
4 x TDMA Frames = 4 Bursts = 1 Radio block = 1-2 RLC block(s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
P I P I
B0(0..3) B1(4..7) B2 (8..11) T B3(13..16) B4(17..20) B5(21..24) D B6(26..29) B7(30..33) B8(34..37) T B9(39..42) B10(43..46) B11(47..50) D
C L C L
C E C E
H H
52 TDMA Frames (240 ms)

12 x RLC/MAC Blocks = 1 x 52 PDCH MultiFrame = 240 ms
12 radio Blocks / 0.240 s = 50 RLC/MAC Blocks / s
(E)GPRS Logical Channels
GPRS Air Interface Logical
Channels
CCCH DCH
Common Control Channels Dedicated Channels
PACCH
PCH AGCH RACH Packet Associated PDTCH
Paging CH Access Grant CH Random Access CH Control CH Packet Data TCH
Existing GSM Channels NEW GPRS Channels
No new EGPRS parameters related to logical channels!

AGCH PCH setting affect both GSM voice and data.
State and Mobility Management and TBF establishment
•GPRS Attach / Detach
•RA / LA Update
•PDP Context Activation
•TBF establishment

(E)GPRS Mobile States
NSN SGSN parameters
GPRS
The relation of Mobile states: Attach/ Detach
MSRT, DET
READY Ready
Idle Timer Expiry
RDY
STANDBY Packet
Standby TX/RX
Timer Expiry MS location known to
MS location STBY cell level.
not known. MS is transmitting or has
Subscriber is not just been transmitting.
reachable by the MS location known to MS is capable of receiving
GPRS NW. SGSN level. Point-to-Point data and
MS is capable of receiving Point-to-Multipoint data.
Point-to-Multipoint data
and being paged for
Point-to-Point data
Routing Area
• Routing Areas are used for GPRS Mobility
Management Location
‒ A RA is a subset of one, and only one, Location Area (LA) MSC/VLR
Area
‒ A RA is served by only one SGSN
‒ For simplicity, the LA and RA can be the same
Gs Interface
• Routing area identification

‒ (RAI) = MCC+MNC+LAC+RAC Routing
• Routing Areas are created in the BSS Radio Network SGSN
Configuration Database (BSDATA) Area
(RA)
• NSN SGSN parameters related to RA:

‒ Periodic RA Update Timer (PRAU) – Default: 54
minutes
‒ RA Paging Area (RPA) – Default: 2
‒ RA Paging Repetition (RPR) – Default: 3.5
seconds
Attach Procedure
• GPRS Attach procedure is used for the following two purposes:

‒ a normal GPRS Attach - attach the IMSI for GPRS services only
‒ a combined GPRS Attach - attach the IMSI for GPRS and non-GPRS services (needs Gs
interface)
• Attach procedure description
‒ MS initiates by sending Attach Request
‒ If network accepts, it sends Attach Accept
‒ If network does not accept it sends Attach Rejected
‒ MS can respond for Attach Accept message with Attach Complete (if P-TMSI changes)
Request
Attach
cce pt
Attach A
Session Management - Establishing a PDP
Context
• PDP Context (Packet Data Protocol):
- Network level information which is used to bind a mobile station (MS) to various
PDP addresses and to unbind the mobile station from these addresses after use
• PDP Context Activation
- Gets an IP address from the network
- Initiated by the MS
- Contains QoS and routing information enabling data transfer between MS and
GGSN
- PDP Context Activation and Deactivation should occur within 2 seconds
Temporary Block Flow
• Temporary Block Flow (TBF):
- Physical connection where multiple mobile stations can share one or more traffic channels –
each MS has own TFI (Temporary Flow Indicator)
- The traffic channel is dedicated to one mobile station at a time (one mobile station is
transmitting or receiving at a time)
- Is a one-way session for packet data transfer between MS and BSC (PCU)
- Uses either uplink or downlink but not both (except for associated signaling)
- Can use one or more TSLs
• Comparison with circuit-switched:
• normally one connection uses both the uplink and the downlink timeslot(s) for traffic
• In two-way data transfer:
• uplink and downlink data are sent in separate TBFs - as below
Uplink TBF (+ PACCH for downlink TBF)
Downlink TBF (+ PACCH for uplink TBF)

BSC
PACCH (Packet Associated Control Channel): Similar to GSM CS SACCH
PSW territory and multislot usage
•(E)GPRS Territory
•PSW Activation, Territory and Allocation
•Free TSL Size
•Configuration parameters
(E)GPRS Territory
Introduction
• Territories consists of consecutive timeslots (starting from RTSL7)
• GPRS dedicated time slots (CDED) can be defined. Only (E)GPRS can use them.
• PS territory TRX has to be defined by enabling the GTRX parameter
• Dedicated territory (CDEF) is subset of Default territory
• The Maximum GPRS capacity (CMAX) defined the total maximum size for the (E)GPRS
territory
Maximum
GPRS
Free time slots in Circuit Capacity (%)
Switched territory
GTRX=Y TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
Dedicated GPRS
Capacity (%)
Additional GPRS capacity
Default GPRS Capacity
CDEF (%)
(E)GPRS Territory
Introduction
• Territory movement (upgrade and downgrade) are affected by

• PS traffic
- Nr of TBFs per Radio timeslot can get above the allowed threshold () and the
territory will be upgraded (if possible)
• CS traffic
- CS has priority over PS outside the dedicated territory and can downgrade the
territory
- The amount of timeslots for data will depend also on the parameters
• CSU - Free TSL for CS Upgrade
• CSD - Free TSL for CS Downgrade (CSD)
• Territory upgrade in interval of Territory Upgrade Guard Time (both for upgrade and
downgrade)
(E)GPRS Territory
Introduction
Circuit
TRX 1, GTRX=N BCCH TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
Switched
Territory
Maximum
GPRS Capacity
Additional GPRS capacity (%) Default GPRS capacity threshold
TRX 2, GTRX=Y TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS Circuit /

Packet
Free time slots in Circuit
Switched
Switched territory Dedicated GPRS Territory
Capacity (%)
Territory upgrade in interval of

Territory Upgrade Guard Time. Valid Default GPRS
for upgrades / downgrades due to Capacity (%)
(E)GPRS traffic. Territory downgrade forced
by the Circuit Switched traffic
PSW Activation, Territory and Allocation Parameters
• PSW Activation • Channel Allocation Parameters
• BTS • SEG
• GPRS Enabled (GENA) • Prefer BCCH frequency GPRS (BFG)
• EGPRS Enabled (EGENA) •
• GPRS Cell Barred (GBAR) TRX priority in TCH allocation (TRP)
• Not Allowed Access Classes (ACC)
• TRX • Free TSLs
• GPRS Enabled TRX (GTRX) • BSC
• Neighbour • Free TSL for CS Upgrade (CSU)
• Adjacent GPRS Enabled (AGENA) Free TSL for CS Downgrade (CSD)
• Territory Settings
• BTS
• Default GPRS Capacity (CDEF)
• Dedicated GPRS Capacity (CDED)
• MAX GPRS Capacity (CMAX)
• BSC
• GPRS territory update guard time (GTUGT)
Territory Setting Parameters – calculation method
• Dedicated GPRS Capacity
(CDED) – timeslots only for PS
(no CS)
• Default GPRS Capacity (CDEF) -
timeslots primarily for PS (CS can
overtake)
• MAX GPRS Capacity (CMAX) –
maximum territory size
Territory size (TSL) =
Rounddown (CDED/CDEF/CMAX(%) x FR capable TSLs, where GTRX=Y)
• CDED/CDEF/CMAX percentage is converted to TSL by multiplying it with all FR traffic capable
TSLs (FR/DR) of the cell where GTRX=Y.
• Signaling and HR TSLs of TRXs (where GTRX=Y) are not taken into account in the calculation.
• The product of CDED/CDEF/CMAX and FR capable TSLs (GTRX=Y) is rounded down to a whole
number
• Rounding up will take place only when CDED/CDEF/CMAX value > 0% and rounding would
result to 0.
Territory setting parameters - example
• Table below provides
example how same
parameter setting can result
different territory sizes with
different GRTX/TRX
configurations
# of TRXs (GTRX=Y) 1 2 3 4
# of signaling RTSL (GTRX 1 2 2 3
=Y)
CDED = 1% 1 RTSL 1 RTSL 1 RTSL 1 RTSL
CDEF = 30% 2 RTSL 4 RTSL 6 RTSL 8 RTSL
CMAX = 80% 5 RTSL 11 RTSL 17 RTSL 23 RTSL
Any setting 1…20% of CDEF with 1 TRX configuration (GTRX=1)

will result 1 TSL territory.
Resource Allocation
PSW Activation and Territory - SEG
TRX priority in TCH allocation (TRP) - voice Prefer BCCH frequency GPRS (BFG) - data
‒ TRP defines whether the BCCH TRX or other TRXs are ‒ BFG defines whether the BCCH TRX or other TRXs are
preferred in traffic channel allocation. preferred in GPRS channel allocation.
• Values • Values
‒ 0 (No prioritization between TRXs, all TRXs are treated ‒ 0 (no prioritization is determined between TRXs),
equally in TCH allocation) ‒ 1 (GPRS channels are allocated primarily from the BCCH
‒ 1 (Traffic channel is allocated primarily from the BCCH TRX.) TRX),
‒ 2 (Traffic channel is allocated primarily from another TRX than ‒ 2 (GPRS channels are allocated primarily beyond the
the BCCH TRX) BCCH TRX)
‒ 3 (Traffic channel is allocated primarily from the BCCH TRX
for the non-AMR users and for the AMR users primarily
beyond the BCCH TRX)
• Default
‒ No Priority (0)
• Default
An example how to allocate voice primarily to‒ nonBCCH
No (0)
and data
to BCCH (because of EGPRS capability of BCCH TRX):
BTS ID TRX ID TRX capability TRP BFG
TRX1 (BCCH) EGPRS

BTS1 TRX2 GPRS 2 1
TRX3 GPRS
Free TSL Size (after CS Upgrade and Downgrade)
When a downgrade or upgrade procedure is requested, then the CSD and CSU parameters
can reduce or increase the border between CSW and PSW territories.
TSL number after CS downgrade

TRX number 1 2 3 4 5
70 0 0 0 1 1
free TSL for CS downgrade (%)
95 1 1 1 2 2
(CSD)
99 1 1 2 2 3
TSL number after CS upgrade

TRX number 1 2 3 4 5
1 0 1 1 1 2
free TSL for CS upgrade (sec) 4 1 2 2 3 4
(CSU) 7 1 2 3 4 5
10 2 3 4 5 6
Abis Basic Concepts
PCM frame (E1) 0 MCB LCB
• One 64 kbit/s (8 bits) channel in PCM frame is 1
2
called timeslot (TSL) 3
• One 16 kbit/s (2bits) channel timeslot is Sub- 4
TSL 5
• PCM frame has 32 (E1) or 26 (T1) TSLs 6
7
8
One Radio timeslot corresponds one 16 kbit/s 9
10
Sub-TSL (BCCH, TCH/F etc.) and one TRX takes 11
two TSLs from Abis 12
13
14
15
One TRX has dedicated TRXsig of 16, 32 or 64 16
kbit/s 17
18 TCH 0 TCH 1 TCH 2 TCH 3
19 TCH 4 TCH 5 TCH 6 TCH 7 TRX1
One BCF has dedicated BCFsig (16 or 64 kbit/s) 20
for O&M 21
22
23
Q1-management needed if TRS management 24
25 TRXsig
under BSC 26
27 BCFsig
28
MCB/LCB required if loop topology is used 29
30
31 Q1-management
(E)GPRS Dynamic Abis Pool
DAP Introduction 0 MCB LCB
1
• Fixed resources for signaling and voice 2
3
TRX1
6 TCH 0 TCH 1 TCH 2 TCH 3 TRX2
• Dynamic Abis pool (DAP) for data 7
8
TCH 4
TCH 0
TCH 5
TCH 1
TCH 6
TCH 2
TCH 7
TCH 3 TRX3
‒ Also named EDAP 9 TCH 4 TCH 5 TCH 6 TCH 7
10
‒ Predefined size 1-24 PCM TSL per DAP (Typically 11
used range from 4 to 8 TSL) 12
13
‒ DAP can be shared by several TRXs in the same BCF 14
(and same E1/T1) 15 EDAP EDAP EDAP EDAP
16 EDAP EDAP EDAP EDAP
‒ Max 20 TRXs per DAP 17 EDAP EDAP EDAP EDAP
‒ Max 1600 DAPs per BSC3i 2000 18 EDAP EDAP EDAP EDAP EGPRS
19 EDAP EDAP EDAP EDAP pool
‒ DAP + TRXsig + TCHs have to be in same PCM 20 EDAP EDAP EDAP EDAP
‒ UL and DL DAP use is independent 21 EDAP EDAP EDAP EDAP
22 EDAP EDAP EDAP EDAP
‒ DAP schedule rounds for each active Radio Block 23
‒ Different users/RTSLs can use same DAP Sub-TSL 24
25 TRXsig1 TRXsig2
26 TRXsig3
27 BCFsig
28
29
30
31 Q1-management
Configuration setup
DAP configuration parameters
• Transceiver (TRX) radio network object parameters
- dynamic abis pool ID (DAP)
 Used for indicating the dynamic Abis pool ID. This can be given only if the site type is Nokia
MetroSite, Nokia UltraSite or Nokia FlexiEDGE.
• Dynamic Abis Pool (DAP) radio network object parameters
- BCSU ID (BCSU)
 This parameter identifies the base station signaling unit where the physical PCU card is
installed and which should be attached to the logical PCU object
- PCU index (PCU)

 This parameter identifies the packet control unit logical index of the physical card.
- circuit (CRCT)
 The parameter defines the Abis interface ET-PCM number and the time slots reserved from the
ET-PCM for the dynamic Abis pool. The pool size is from 1 to 24 ET-PCM TSLs.
Configuration setup
DAP configuration parameters
• Dynamic Abis Pool (DAP) radio network object parameters (cont.)
- new first time slot (NFT)
 This parameter defines the new first time slot.
- new last time slot (NLT)

 This parameter defines the new last time slot.
- Network Service Entity Identifier (NSEI)
- packet service entity identifier (PSEI)

 This parameter identifies the Packet Service Entity object in the BSC (PSE). The Packet Service Entity
Identifier (PSEI) is used in the BSS to determine Packet Control Pool (PCP).
- pool identification (ID)

 This parameter identifies the Pool id of the ACP object.
- pool sizeDocument
(SIZE)
For internal use ID / Version number / Life cycle status / Department / Author
28
 This
9/24/21 parameter
©2013 Nokia defines
the
Solutions and
Pool All
Networks.
size.
rights reserved.
TSL utilization
•Acknowledgement Request
•Pre-emptive transmission
•BS_CV_MAX

Acknowledgement Request
• Acknowledgement Request - Functionality of EGPRS DL

- GPRS Uplink Penalty (default: 3) requests:
- GPRS Uplink Threshold (default: 22) • These parameters are used by the
- GPRS Downlink Penalty (default: 2) RLC ACK algorithm to determine
- GPRS Downlink Threshold (default: 16) how frequently the PCU polls the
- EGPRS Uplink Penalty (default: 1) mobile station having a TBF in
- EGPRS Uplink Threshold (default: 25) EGPRS mode.
- EGPRS Downlink Penalty (default: 1) • The PCU has a counter, which is
- EGPRS Downlink Threshold (default: 25) incremented by one whenever an
RLC data block is transmitted for the
• PRFILE PCU Telecom Parameters first time
• The counter is incremented by (1 +
• Parameter 046: 0047 - 0054 EGPRS_DOWNLINK_PENALTY)
whenever a negatively
acknowledged RLC data block is
retransmitted.
• The mobile station is polled when
the counter exceeds the threshold
value of
EGPRS_DOWNLINK_THRESHOLD
.
Acknowledgement Request - retransmission
Penalty Counter
Increment Total
RLC data block retransmission
3 3
3 6
3 9
New RLC data Block
1 10
1 11
Time
1 12
PCU
1 13
1 14
MS
1 15
1 16
1 17
1 18
RLC data block with poll
Packet Downlink ACK/NACK

GPRS Uplink Penalty = 3 Bitmap (64 Blocks)
GPRS Uplink Threshold = 18
Acknowledgement Request – no response
Penalty Counter
Increment Total
USF
RLC data transmission 1 1
3 4
1 5
1 6
3 9 PCU
Time
MS
1 21
1 22
1 23
Packet Uplink ACK/NACK
Packet Control ACK/NACK
BS_CV_MAX
- The BS_CV_MAX functionality contains the following items:
• Transmission and acknowledgement

- MS is not expecting to receive NACK for the transmitted block until
(max(BS_CV_MAX,1) – 1) in RLC/MAC block period (20ms).
- So the NACK in the PACKET UPLINK ACK/NACK message will be
ignored, if the round trip time is less than (max(BS_CV_MAX,1) – 1).
- If the BS_CV_MAX is e.g. 9, than the RTT will be (9-1)*20ms ->160ms
• BS_CV_MAX is also impacting T3200 (MS timer), N3104 (MS timer) and
Countdown procedure
BS_CV_MAX
Time MS BSS
BS_CV_Max
Nack message
transmitted
TBF release and RTT
•TBF Release Delay
•TBF Release Delay Extended

TBF Release Delay
• If there is not any RLC/MAC block received, the TBF will not be released immediately, but it
can be kept alive for a given time period.
• There are two modifiable parameters related to Delayed TBF feature among PRFILE
parameters:
‒ DL_TBF_RELEASE_DELAY (0,1-5sec, def 1s) Parameter 46:0067

 Adjust the delay in downlink TBF release.
 During DL delay period the possibly following uplink TBF can be established faster and frequent releases
and re-establishments of downlink TBF can be avoided
‒ UL_TBF_RELEASE_DELAY (0,1-3sec, def 0,5s) Parameter 46:0068

 This parameter is used to adjust the delay in uplink TBF release.
 During UL delay period following downlink TBF can be established faster.
UL TBF Release with Extended UL TBF Mode (EUTM)
• EUTM is Rel4 feature - MS support required.

• If EUTM is activated (MML: ZWOA,PRFILE) and MS supports it the UL TBF Release
parameter is ignored.
• UL_TBF_REL_DELAY_EXT
‒ This parameter defines the uplink TBF release delay time for mobile stations supporting the Extended UL TBF
Mode.
‒ Default value: 1000D
‒ Allowed values: 300D - 3000D, Increments: 100
• UL_TBF_SCHED_RATE_EXT
‒ This parameter defines how often a USF is scheduled for the MS during the inactivity period in Extended UL
TBF Mode. Parameter value unit is 20 ms (block period). Eg. value 5 means 100 ms (5 block periods).
‒ Default value: 5D
‒ Allowed values: 2D - 50D, Increments: 1
UL TBF Release with Extended UL TBF mode
MS does not continue TBF Short description:
• Countdown procedure is ongoing. EUTM
MS BSC / PCU supporting mobile is allowed to
recalculate CV during procedure, if it
Data block with CV = 1
gets more data to send. PCU notices this
by monitoring Block Sequence Number
Data block with CV = 0 (BSN) and Countdown value (CV) sent
by MS.
PACKET UL ACK/NACK (FAI=0,
EUTM delay timer starts
• After receiving CV=0 block PCU starts
Polling=NO)
UL extended state. It sends Packet Uplink
Ack/Nack message to MS with no Final
UL TBF extended state
Schedule USF turn for MS Ack Indicator (FAI) on, but

UL dummy control block acknowledging all received blocks.
UL TBF Schedule Rate Ext • During UL extended state PCU schedules
Schedule USF turn for MS USFs for MS according adjustable
UL dummy control block scheduling rate parameter. If MS has no
new data to send it sends UL dummy
Schedule USF turn for MS control blocks on its sending turn.
UL dummy control block
• When UL extended state ends, according
PACKET UL ACK/NACK (FAI=1, EUTM delay timer expires
adjustable release delay parameter, PCU
Polling=YES) sends Packet Uplink Ack/Nack message
PACKET CONTROL ACK to MS with Final Ack Indicator (FAI) on.
UL TBF terminated
UL TBF Release with Extended UL TBF mode
MS continues data transfer on TBF
Short description:
• Countdown procedure is ongoing.
After receiving CV=0 block PCU
MS BSC / PCU starts UL extended state. It sends
Packet Uplink Ack/Nack message
Data block with CV = 0 to MS with no Final Ack Indicator
(FAI) on, but acknowledging all
received blocks.
PACKET UL ACK/NACK (FAI=0,
EUTM delay timer starts
Polling=NO) • During UL extended state PCU
UL TBF extended state
Schedule USF turn for MS schedules USFs for MS according

adjustable scheduling rate
UL dummy control block
parameter. If MS has no new data
UL TBF Schedule Rate Ext to send it sends UL dummy control
blocks on its sending turn.
Schedule USF turn for MS • When MS gets new data to send
Data block with new BSN and CV EUTM delay timer stopped,
during extended state, it sends UL
TBF continues data block with new BSN, and also
new CV value when needed. Due
BSN PCU knows that new UL
LLC is to be sent by MS, and UL
Data block TBF continues as normally.
Link Adaptations
•GPRS Link Adaptation (CS1-2)
•EGPRS Link Adaptation

GPRS Link Adaptation Algorithm (CS1-2)
GPRS Coding Schemes
Coding Payload (bits) Data Rate

Scheme per RLC block (kbit/s)
NSN GPRS CS1 181 9.05
Error
Data
Correction
PCU CS2 268 13.4
NSN GPRS CS3 312 15.6
PCU2 CS4 428 21.4
• CS1 & CS2 – Implemented in all NSN BTS without
HW change Correction
Less Error
• CS1 & CS4 – S11.5 (with PCU2) and UltraSite =
BTS SW CX4.1 CD1 (Talk does not support CS3 More Data
and CS4)
Introduction with PCU1
• The coding scheme will change based on BLER Thresholds.
• The BLER thresholds are defined by simulations and change from hopping to non hopping networks
CS1 & CS2 Crosspoint
The crosspoint is defined by the following formula: RLC/MAC throughput
(kbps)
8.0 kbps * (1 - BLER_CP_CS1) = 12 kbps * (1 - BLER_CP_CS2) ,
where:
– 8.0 kbps is the theoretical maximum bit rate for CS-1
– 12.0 kbps is the theoretical maximum bit rate for CS-2 X
– BLER_CP_CS1 is the block error rate at the crosspoint when
CS-1 is used
– BLER_CP_CS2 is the block error rate at the crosspoint when
CS-2 is used
– Averaging is based on 10 RLC/MAC blocks
The parameters on the following slides

correspond to the BLER_CP_CS1.
C/I (dB)
Parameters with PCU1
• GPRS Coding Scheme No Hopping (COD)
‒ The selection of Coding Scheme in RLC Acknowledged mode is indicated
(frequency hopping is not used).
 Range: Link Adaptation used (0),
CS-1 used (1),
CS-2 used (2).
Default: CS-2 used (2)
• DL BLER Crosspoint for CS Selection Non Hopping (DLB)

‒ The RLC BLER (block error rate percentage) for CS-1 channel coding is indicated.
‒ At this point CS-1 and CS-2 give the same effective bit rate and Coding Scheme
selection criteria in RLC Acknowledged mode for downlink TBFs changes.
‒ The parameter is meaningful only if link adaptation is used in case of no frequency
hopping.
 Range: 0...100 %, step 1 % . Default: 90%
• UL BLER Crosspoint for CS Selection Non Hopping (ULB)

‒ Same as above but for UL
Parameters with PCU 1
• GPRS Coding Scheme Hopping (CODH)
‒ The selection of Coding Scheme in RLC Acknowledged mode is indicated
(frequency hopping is used).
 Range: Link Adaptation used (0), CS-1 used (1), CS-2 used (2).
 Default: Link Adaptation used (0)
• DL BLER Crosspoint for CS Selection Hopping (DLBH)

‒ The RLC BLER (block error rate percentage) for CS-1 channel coding is indicated.
‒ At this point CS-1 and CS-2 give the same effective bit rate and Coding Scheme
selection criteria in RLC Acknowledged mode for downlink TBFs changes.
‒ The parameter is meaningful only if Link Adaptation and Frequency Hopping are
used.
• UL BLER Crosspoint for CS Selection Hopping (ULBH)

‒ Same as above but for UL.
• Calculation of the cross point of CS1 and CS2 is based on the following
formula: 8.0 kbps * (1 - BLER_CP_CS1) = 12 kbps * (1 - BLER_CP_CS2)
• The below examples shows the relation CS1 and CS2 from BLER point of view:
- COD (set to 2) with default DLB (set to 90%)
 8.0 kbps * (1 - BLER_CP_CS1(DLB: 90%)) = 12 kbps * (1 - BLER_CP_CS2(calculated: 94,4%))
 CS1 will be selected instead of CS2 if CS2 has worse BLER than 94.4 %
- CODH (set to 2) with default DLBH (set to 20%)

 8.0 kbps * (1 - BLER_CP_CS1(DLB: 20%)) = 12 kbps * (1 - BLER_CP_CS2(calculated: 46,6%))
 CS1 will be selected instead of CS2 if CS2 has worse BLER than 46.6 %
• Remark: When the LA algorithm is used, the initial CS value at the beginning of a TBF is CS-2.
• DL adaptation probability threshold (DLA)

‒ The allowed probability (%) is defined for the system to make a wrong
decision in downlink adaptation.
- UL adaptation probability threshold (ULA)

‒ The allowed probability (%) is defined for the system to make a wrong
decision in uplink adaptation.
EGPRS Link Adaptation
Introduction
• Link Adaptation • Incremental Redundancy
‒ The task of the LA algorithm is to select ‒ The retransmission process is
the optimal MCS for each radio based on Incremental
condition to maximize RLC/MAC data Redundancy
rate, so the LA algorithm is used to ‒ LA must take into account if IR
adapt to situations where signal strength combining is performed at the
and / or C/I level is pure and changing receiver.
within time ‒ LA must take into account the
‒ Normally, LA adapts to path loss and effect of finite IR memory.
shadowing but not fast fading. IR is
better suited to compensate fast fading
Coding Schemes in EGPRS
Scheme Code rate Header Modulation RLC blocks Raw Data Family BCS Tail HCS Data rate
Code rate per Radio within one payload kb/s
Block Radio Block
(20ms)
MCS-9 1.0 0.36 2 2x592 A 2x12 2x6 59.2
MCS-8 0.92 0.36 2 2x544 A 54.4
8PSK
MCS-7 0.76 0.36 2 2x448 B 44.8
MCS-6 0.49 1/3 1 592 A 29.6
544+48 8 27.2
MCS-5 0.37 1/3 1 448 B 22.4
12 6
MCS-4 1.0 0.53 1 352 C 17.6
MCS-3 0.80 0.53 1 296 A 14.8
GMSK 272+24 13.6
MCS-2 0.66 0.53 1 224 B 11.2
MCS-1 0.53 0.53 1 176 C 8.8
NOTE: the italic captions indicate the padding.
EGPRS MCS Families
• The MCSs are divided into different families A, B and C MCS-3
• Each family has a different basic unit of payload: 37 Family A 37 octets 37 octets 37 octets 37 octets
(and 34), 28 and 22 octets respectively.
MCS-6
• Different code rates within a family are achieved by MCS-9
transmitting a different number of payload units within MCS-3
one Radio Block.
34+3octets 34+3octets
• For families A and B, 1 or 2 or 4 payload units are Family A
MCS-6
transmitted, for family C, only 1 or 2 payload units are padding
transmitted 34 octets 34 octets 34 octets 34 octets
• When 4 payload units are transmitted (MCS 7, MSC-8 MCS-8

and MCS-9), these are splitted into two separate RLC
MCS-2
blocks (with separate sequence BSN numbers and
BCS, Block Check Sequences) Family B 28 octets 28 octets 28 octets 28 octets
• The blocks are interleaved over two bursts only, for MCS-5
MCS-8 and MCS-9. MCS-7
• For MCS-7 the blocks are interleaved over four bursts MCS-1
Family C 22 octets 22 octets
MCS-4
Parameters
• EGPRS Link Adaptation Enabled (ELA) RLC/MAC throughput
(kbps)
‒ The EGPRS link adaptation can be 60 MCS- 1
MCS- 2
enabled / disabled on cell level. MCS- 3
‒ If disabled the system uses the MCS value 50 MCS- 4
MCS- 5
defined by initial MCS for acknowledged MCS- 6
mode or initial MCS for unacknowledged 40 MCS- 7
MCS- 8
mode parameters or a lower MCS. MCS- 9
 Range: EGPRS link adaptation is disabled (0), 30 LA
enabled for RLC acknowledged mode (1),
enabled for RLC acknowledged and
unacknowledged (2) . 20
 Default: enabled for RLC acknowledged and

unacknowledged (2) 10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
C/I (dB)
Parameters
• Initial MCS for Acknowledged Mode (MCA)

‒ Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) used at the beginning of a TBF for acknowledged
mode. The parameter is used in EGPRS link adaptation.
 Range: 1...9, step 1. Default: 6
• Initial MCS for Unacknowledged Mode (MCU)
‒ MCS used at the beginning of a TBF for unacknowledged mode. The parameter is used in
EGPRS link adaptation
• Remark
‒ PCU1 uses always initial MCS value read from user parameter for new established TBF.
‒ PCU2 uses last used MCS of previous TBF as initial MCS for new TBF in situation when
opposite direction of TBF has been active from last TBF release to new TBF establishment (so
the MS context has stayed stored in PCU2 memory), and if no BTS re-selection was done for
opposite direction of TBF.
Parameters - SEG
• Maximum BLER in Acknowledged Mode (BLA)
‒ This parameter indicates the maximum block error rate of first transmission in
acknowledged mode. The parameter is used in EGPRS link adaptation.
 Range: 10...100 %, step 1 %. Default: 90%
• Maximum BLER in Unacknowledged Mode (BLU)
‒ With this parameter you indicate the maximum block error rate in unacknowledged
mode. The parameter is used in EGPRS link adaptation.
 Range: 10...100 %, step 1 %. Default: 10%
• Remark:
‒ The BLA 90% means that the coding scheme selection is done by LA algorithm, if
the BLER is less than 90%.
‒ If the BLER is higher than 90%, then the decision of LA will be ignored and MCS will
be downgraded
Parameters - SEG
- MBG and MBP parameters adjusts the MCS and modulation preferences.
- Mean BEP Offset GMSK (MBG)

• This is the offset added to reported GMSK mean BEP values before BEP table lookups.
• The value applies to both uplink and downlink directions.
- Range: -31...31, step 1. Default: 0
- Mean BEP Offset 8PSK (MBP)

• This is the offset added to reported 8PSK mean BEP values before BEP table lookups.
• The value applies to both uplink and downlink directions.
- Range: -31...31, step 1. Default: 0
Parameters
• The matrix shows an example how the MCSs are selected based on GMSK_CV_BEP and
GMSK_MEAN_BEP figures.
‒ More tables are available from NED/NOLS
• MBG can be used to move the selection decision information to both directions to have more robust or less
robust CS decision for the same GMSK_CV_BEP and GMSK_MEAN_BEP figures.
MBG with positive values
GMSK_CV_BEP
GMSK_MEAN_BEP
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0-3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
6 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
7-9 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
10-19 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 Remark: the values in the matrix are an example.
20-31 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
MBG with negative values
Functionality
Example of coding schemes modification by the LA algorithm in various radio

environment during drive tests in Helsinki
9 20
Used MCS CI (dB)
Coding Scheme (MCS)
8 C/I 18
Averaged C/I
7 16
6 14
12
5
10
4
8
3 6
2 4
1 2
0 0
0 50 100 150
For internal use Time (s)
Document ID / Version number / Life cycle status / Department / Author
Multiplexing

Multiplexing
TSL sharing
The max amount of TBFs per TSL can be limited by the following parameters:
• Maximum Number of DL TBF (MNDL)
‒ This parameter defines the maximum number of TBFs that a radio time slot can have
in a GPRS territory, in the downlink direction.
• Maximum Number of UL TBF (MNUL)

‒ This parameter defines the maximum number of TBFs that a radio time slot can have
in a GPRS territory, in the uplink direction.
Multiplexing
DL TSLs in (E)GPRS/GPRS multiplexing
• In PCU2 USF Granularity 4 is used, meaning that 1 block carrying USF signaling to GPRS TBF assigns
transmission turn to GPRS TBF for 4 consecutive UL radio blocks.
- Originally 4 DL 8-PSK TSLs (TSL 4-7) were used, but now TSL 6 and 7 are GMSK modulated, because of
USF is pointed to GPRS MS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
in
4 nontot in Radio Block 1 USF USF GM
USF 4
USFuse e Radio Block 2 USF USF
SK
us Radio Block 3 USF USF
Radio Block 4 USF USF
…… USF USF
• Originally 4 DL 8-PSK TSLs (TSL 4-7) were used, but now TSL6 and 7 are GMSK modulated, because of USF is
pointed to GPRS MS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GMSK
Radio Block 1 USF USF
in
SSFF44 in
Radio Block 2
UU
usese Radio Block 3
u Radio Block 4 GMSK
…… USF USF
Multiplexing
Territory upgrade/downgrade
• The algorithm checks the need for re-allocation in given period defined by
TBF_LOAD_GUARD_THRSHLD, in order to separate TBFs.
‒ The Territory Upgrade/Downgrade procedure is performed with three parameters:
 X1: 1.5, X2: 1, X3: 0.5
‒ The PS RRM request an upgrade when the average number of TBF's per TSL in the PS territory
is greater than X1 (and Default territory is already allocated)
‒ The target average number of TBFs in the PS territory is defined by X2
‒ When the average number of TBF per TSL in the PS territory is less than X3, the PS RRM will
request a GPRS downgrade. (but only as far as the default boundary)
‒ PRFILE modifiable parameter (default=50; values 0-255)
• GPRS Territory Update Guard Timer (GTUGT, default: 5s)

‒ This parameter defines the time which must elapse between two subsequent territory updates.
• Example:
‒ The average
TSL0 number
TSL1 of TBF / TSL
TSL2 TSL3 is 1.75
TSL4 on the TRX below,
TSL5 TSL6 soTSL7
there will be a territory upgrade
request to
signaling
achieve 1 TBF / TSL ratio TBF1 TBF1 TBF1 TBF1
TBF2 TBF2 TBF2
(E)GPRS Power Control

Uplink Power Control
• UL Power control
‒ Reduces Interference in the NW
‒ Saves battery power
‒ Open loop power control – UL TX powers based on MS received signal level (DL).
• No DL PC available yet
• UL PC Parameters
‒ Alpha: determines the slope by which the downlink RX_Level affects the MS
power
‒ Gamma : determines the minimum MS output power
‒ IFP : changes the averaging for the field strength values in idle mode
‒ TFP: changes the averaging for the field strength values in transfer mode
PC parameters for MS are transmitted on BCCH

PCH = min(G0 - G CH - a*(C + 48),PMAX) Uplink Power Control
35
 GCH, sets the minimum power level

30
• Range 0…62
Ms Output Power (dBm)

25
• Default 34 (GSM900) , 36 (GSM1800)

20 0,3
 a, sets the slope for the uplink power

15
1
level 10
• Range 0…10 equivalent 0.0….1.0

• Default 7 (GSM900) , 8 (GSM1800) 5
-106
-48
-50
-52
-54
-56
-58
-60
-62
-64
-66
-68
-70
-72
-74
-76
-78
-80
-82
-84
-86
-88
-90
-92
-94
-96
-98
-100
-102
-104
-108
-110
 C, received signal level Signal Strength (dBm)
 G0, 39(GSM900), 36 (GSM1800)
 PMAX, max MS power allowed in the cell
Averaging Parameters
Measurement
Packet Transfer Mode Packet Idle Mode
Mode
Mobile State Ready Standby
Parameter Range Default

Packet Idle Mode Signal Strength Filter Period 0…25 9
Packet Transfer Mode Signal Strength Filter Period 0…25 13
Averaging Parameters
Packet Transfer / Idle Mode Signal Packet Transfer / Idle Mode Signal
Strength Filter Period = 25 Strength Filter Period = 1
Mobile Output Power Mobile Output Power
40 40
20 20
0 0
1 19 37 55 73 91 109 127 145 163 181 199 217 235 253 271 289 307 325 343 361 379 397 415 433 451 1 16 31 46 61 76 91 106 121 136 151 166 181 196 211 226 241 256 271 286 301 316 331 346 361 376 391 406 421 436 451
SS
Power
Power
-20 P_IDLE -20
P_TRANSFER
-40 -40
-60 -60
-80
-80

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BSSPAR1: Chapter 12

©2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

• Give an overview of system principles

©2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

BSC MSC PSTN

Border Gateway Charging Gateway Legal Interception Gateway

4 x TDMA Frames = 4 Bursts = 1 Radio block = 1-2 RLC block(s)

52 TDMA Frames (240 ms)

Existing GSM Channels NEW GPRS Channels

No new EGPRS parameters related to logical channels!

©2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

• Routing area identification

• NSN SGSN parameters related to RA:

• GPRS Attach procedure is used for the following two purposes:

Uplink TBF (+ PACCH for downlink TBF)

Downlink TBF (+ PACCH for uplink TBF)

• Territory movement (upgrade and downgrade) are affected by

TRX 2, GTRX=Y TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS Circuit /

Territory upgrade in interval of

Any setting 1…20% of CDEF with 1 TRX configuration (GTRX=1)

TRX1 (BCCH) EGPRS

TSL number after CS downgrade

TSL number after CS upgrade

- PCU index (PCU)

- new last time slot (NLT)

- Network Service Entity Identifier (NSEI)

- packet service entity identifier (PSEI)

- pool identification (ID)

©2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

• Acknowledgement Request - Functionality of EGPRS DL

Packet Downlink ACK/NACK

Packet Uplink ACK/NACK

Packet Control ACK/NACK

- The BS_CV_MAX functionality contains the following items:

• Transmission and acknowledgement

©2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

‒ DL_TBF_RELEASE_DELAY (0,1-5sec, def 1s) Parameter 46:0067

‒ UL_TBF_RELEASE_DELAY (0,1-3sec, def 0,5s) Parameter 46:0068

• EUTM is Rel4 feature - MS support required.

Schedule USF turn for MS Ack Indicator (FAI) on, but

Schedule USF turn for MS schedules USFs for MS according

©2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.

Coding Payload (bits) Data Rate

NSN GPRS CS1 181 9.05

8.0 kbps * (1 - BLER_CP_CS1) = 12 kbps * (1 - BLER_CP_CS2) ,

The parameters on the following slides

• DL BLER Crosspoint for CS Selection Non Hopping (DLB)

• UL BLER Crosspoint for CS Selection Non Hopping (ULB)

• DL BLER Crosspoint for CS Selection Hopping (DLBH)

• UL BLER Crosspoint for CS Selection Hopping (ULBH)

- CODH (set to 2) with default DLBH (set to 20%)

• DL adaptation probability threshold (DLA)

- UL adaptation probability threshold (ULA)

transmitted 34 octets 34 octets 34 octets 34 octets

• When 4 payload units are transmitted (MCS 7, MSC-8 MCS-8

Family C 22 octets 22 octets

 Default: enabled for RLC acknowledged and

• Initial MCS for Acknowledged Mode (MCA)

- Mean BEP Offset GMSK (MBG)