ALTERNATE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

TIDAL ENERGY
INTRODUCTION

Among other types of renewable energy, oceans

contain energy in the form of
 Waves
 Tidal currents

 Tides is the rise and fall of the sea level

 Waves are the energy that moves across the
surface of water
OCEAN ENERGY
 ocean energy is replenished by the sun and through tidal influences of
the moon’s and sun’s gravitational forces

 near-surface winds induce wave action and cause wind-blown

currents at about 3% of the wind speed

 tides cause strong currents into and out of coastal basins and rivers

 ocean surface heating by some 70% of the incoming sunlight adds to

the surface water thermal energy, causing expansion and flow

 wind energy is stronger over the ocean due to less drag, although
 technically, only seabreezes are from ocean energy
TIDES

Tides of water caused by the Moon and Sun, in

combination with Earth's rotation.
Practically inexhaustible and it is classified as a
renewable resource.
For tidal differences to be harnessed into electricity
the difference between high and low tides must be
at least 16 feet.
There are only about fourty sites on the earth with
tidal ranges of this magnitude.
TIDES

 Tides generated by the combination of the moon

and sun’s gravitational forces
 Greatest affect in spring when moon and sun
combine forces
 Bays and inlets amplify the height of the tide
 In order to be practical for energy production, the
height difference needs to be at least 5 meters
 Only 40 sites around the world of this magnitude
 Overall potential of 3000 gigawatts from movement
of tides
TIDES
TIDE SELECTION
TIDAL RANGE RESOURCES
BASICS OF TIDES
• Gravitational pull of the sun • There are two high tides and two low tides
during each period of rotation of the earth.
and moon and the pull of the • Spring and Neap tides depend on the
centrifugal force of rotation of orientation of the sun, moon, and the earth.
the earth-moon system.
▫ High spring tides occur when the sun and
moon line up with the earth. This occurs
• When a landmass lines up with whether they are either on same or
opposite side.
the earth-moon system, the ▫ Low neap tides occur when the sun and
water around it is at high tide. moon line up at 90 ͦ to each other.
• When a landmass is at 90 ͦ to • Flood Currents: currents moving in the
direction of the coast.
the earth-moon system, the • Ebb Currents: the current receding from the
water around it is at low tide. coast

• When a landmass lines up with the earth-

moon system, the water around it is at high
tide.
• When a landmass is at 90 ͦ to the earth-moon
system, the water around it is at low tide.
TIDAL ENERGY

 Tidal power facilities harness the energy

from the rise and fall of tides.
 Two types of tidal plant facilities.
 Tidal barrages
 Tidal current turbines
 Ideal sites are located at narrow channels
and experience high variation in high and
low tides.
TIDAL ENERGY
 Most of the energy sources we have been discussing
derived their energy from the sun originally.
 Tides are driven by gravity
 Gravity is a force that exists between any two
objects based upon their mass and the distance
between them
 Fg = GmM/R2 where M and m are the masses of the
two objects, R is the distance between them and G is
the gravitational constant = 6.67300 × 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2
HISTORY-TIDAL ENERGY
 787: simple technique of a waterwheel by the
Spanish, French, and British
 1966: “La Rance” tidal power plant went in
operation.
 2001: British Parliament states “the world can no
longer neglect the massive potential of wave and
tidal energy”
 2002-present: Large investments in research and
prototypes spark proposals in Turkey, China, and
United States; among others
CAPTURING TIDAL POWER
 Dams or barrage with gates are usually built
across the mouth of basins
 This allows the current to be directed into the
turbines and enhances the effect.
TIDAL STREAM GENERATORS
 Very close in concept to traditional windmills
 Most popular prototype on the market
 Prototype sites include Norway, England, and
New York.
 In 2007 8 prototype turbines where placed in
the East River between Queens and Roosevelt
Island.
▪ It is the first major tidal power project in the
USA
▪ Powers 1/3 of a parking garage and a
supermarket
SEAGEN
 World’s first large scale
commercial tidal
stream generator.
 First one was installed
in the Strangford
Narrows (Ireland)
 Generates 1.2MW
between 18-20 hours a
day
 Blades span 16 meters
in diameter
POWER=TIDAL STREAM
GENERATORS
 P = the power generated
(in watts)
 ξ = the turbine efficiency
 ρ = the density of the
water (seawater is 1025
kg/m³)
 A = the sweep area of the
turbine (in m²)
 V = the velocity of the
flow
Ocean Renewable Power Company installed first grid-connected
tidal device in Cobbscook Bay, Maine in June, 2012. Powers 25
homes.
Ocean Renewable Power
Company
BARRAGE
 Barrage or dam
A barrage or dam is typically
used to convert tidal energy
into electricity by forcing the
water through turbines,
activating a generator. Gates
and turbines are installed
along the dam. When the tides
produce an adequate
difference in the level of the
water on opposite sides of the
dam, the gates are opened. The
water then flows through the
turbines. The turbines turn an
electric generator to produce
electricity.
BARRAGE
• Utilize potential energy • Two types:
• Single basin system-
• Tidal barrages are typically dams built
Ebb generation: During flood tide basin is filled and
across an estuary or bay.
sluice gates are closed , trapping water. Gates are
• consist of turbines, sluice gates, kept closed until the tide has ebbed sufficiently and
embankments, and ship locks. thus turbines start spinning and generating
electricity.
Flood generation: The basin is filled through the
turbine which generate at flood tide.
Two way generation: Sluice gates and turbines are
closed until near the end of the flood tide when water
is allowed to flow through the turbines into the basin
creating electricity. At the point where the hydrostatic
head is insufficient for power generation the sluice
gates are opened and kept open until high tide when
they are closed. When the tide outside the barrage has
dropped sufficiently water is allowed to flow out of
the basin through the turbines again creating
electricity.
Double-basin system: There are two basins, but it
operates similar to en ebb generation, single-basin
system. The only difference is a proportion of the
electricity is used to pump water into the second basin
allowing storage.
CURRENT TIDAL BARRAGES
 La Rance, Brittany, France
 The first and largest tidal barrage power
plant
 Constructed between 1961 and 1967.
 Situated on the Rance River.
 Contains 24 reversible 10 MW bulb
turbines generating a capacity of 240 MW
and a net power output of 480 GWh per
year.
 Two- way generation system and pumped
storage.
 Annapolis Tidal Generation Facility on the
Bay of Fundy, Canada
 Constructed between 1981 and 1984.
 Generating capacity of 20 MW and a net
output of 30 GW h per year.
 Further development is being considered
in the Bay of Fundy.
BARRAGE TIDAL POWER
 Located on Rance
River, France
 750 meters long
 24 Turbines
 Capacity of 240MW
 Annual output of
600GWh
 Supplies 0.012% of
Frances power supply.
 Opened 1966
BARRAGE TIDAL POWER
 Located Annapolis
Royal, North America
 750 meters long
 24 Turbines
 Capacity of 24MW
 Annual output of
600GWh
 Supplies 30 million
kWh per year
 Opened 1984
BARRAGE TIDAL POWER
 Jianxia power station
in China
 750 meters long
 24 Turbines
 Capacity of 3.2MW
 Completed 1985
BARRAGE TIDAL POWER
 Sihwa Lake Power
Station
 Located South Korea
 10x25.4 Turbines
 Capacity of 254MW
 Opened 2011
POWER=BARRAGE TIDAL POWER

 E = energy
 ρ = the density of the
water (seawater is
1025 kg/m³)
 A = horizontal area of
the barrage basin
G = Gravity
(9.81m/s2)
 H = Vertical Tide
Range
TURBINE=WORKING
BULB=RIM=TUBULAR TYPES
TIDAL FENCE
 Tidal fence
Tidal fences look like giant
turnstiles. They can reach
across channels between small
islands or across straits
between the mainland and an
island. A tidal fence has
vertical axis turbines mounted
in a fence. All the water that
passes is forced through the
turbines. They can be used in
areas such as channels between
two landmasses.
TIDAL TURBINE

Tidal turbine
Tidal turbines look like wind
turbines. They are arranged
underwater in rows, as in some
wind farms. Ideal locations for
tidal turbine farms are close
to shore in water depths of
65.5–98.5 feet.
 
 Turbines were submerged in
the East River to generate
electricity from rapid tidal
currents in New York City in
2007
CURRENT TIDAL CURRENT TURBINES

Tidal current turbines •Located in Orkney, Scotland.

 Extracts kinetic energy from
Comprises an area of 975 km2
moving water generated by
tides. and 70 islands.
 Operate during flood and ebb •Orkney Islands could
tides. generate 18,000 GW h per
 Consists of a rotor, gearbox, and
year.
a generator. These three parts •Operational since 2005.
are mounted onto a support
•Test center for full-scale grid-
structure. There are three main
types: connected prototypes of tidal
 Gravity structure current turbines.
 Piled structure •Monitor impact on the
 Floating structure environment.
ADV=DISADV
 ADVANTAGES  DISADVANTAGES
 Building cost is expensive.
 It is predictable.
  Disrupts migration of creatures in
  No waste or pollution the ocean
  It is very cheap to maintain.  Only produces power for only about
 No pollution 10 hours a day. Presently costly
 Renewable resource  Expensive to build and maintain
 A 1085MW facility could cost as
 More efficient than wind
much as 1.2 billion dollars to
because of the density of water construct and run
 Predictable source of energy vs.  Connection to the grid
wind and solar  Technology is not fully developed
 Second generation has very few  Barrage style only produces energy
disadvantages for about 10 hours out of the day
 Does not affect wildlife  Barrage style has environmental
affects
 Does not affect silt deposits  Such as fish and plant migration
 Less costly – both in building  Local tides change- affects still
and maintenance under study
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT

 Noise pollution
 Displace productive fishing sites
 Change the pattern of beach sand nourishment
 Alter food chains and disrupt migration
patterns
 Offshore devices will displace bottom-dwelling
organisms where they connect into the
PROS & CONS
 Tidal Barrages
 Mature technology that has been around for nearly 50 years.
 Reliable energy source.
 BUT
 High costs of construction
 Environmental impacts on marine life
 Low power output in comparison to other energy source like coal and
nuclear power plants

 Tidal Current Turbines

 Able to utilize both ebb and flood tides.
 Tidal current turbines are not large massive dam structure.
 BUT
 Tidal current turbine technology is young in its development.
 Installation and maintenance challenges.
 Environmental impacts are still being tested.
Current and Future tidal power
stations
 Rance River, France 240Mw
 White sea, Russia 1 MW
 Annapolis River, Nova Scotia, Canada, 18mW
 Two most favorable sites in the US: Cook Inlet and
Bristol Bay in Alaska and Bay of Funday which
covers the Northeastern US and southeastern
Canada.
 Development of the Bay of Funday would provide
15,000mW to the northeastern US and 15,000mW to
Canada
COST ESTIMATION
TIDAL POWER PLANTS
STATION CAPACITY, COUNTRY COMPLETE STATUS
MW D BY
ANNAPOLIS 20 CANADA 1984 OPERATION
AL
JIANGXIA 3.2 CHINA 1980 OPERATION
AL

KISLAYA 1.7 RUSSIA 1968 OPERATION

GUBA AL

RANCE 240 FRANCE 1966 OPERATION

AL

SIHWA LAKE 254 SOUTH 2011 OPERATION

KOREA AL

STRANGFOR 1.2 UK 2008 OPERATION

TIDAL POWER PLANTS
STATION CAPACITY, COUNTRY COMPLETE STATUS
MW D BY
GARORIM 520 SOUTH PROPOSED
KOREA
SEVERN 8640 UK PROPOSED
MEZENSKAY 8000-12000 RUSSIA PROPOSED
A
DALUPIRI 2200 PHILIPPINES PROPOSED

GULF OF 50 INDIA 2012 PROPOSED

KUTCH
TIDAL ENERGY
POTENTIAL=INDIA
 Total available potential
Total identified potential: about 9000 MW   
 
 West Coast
  Gulf of Cambay (7000 MW)
  Gulf of Kutch (1200 MW)
  East Coast
 The Ganges Delta in the Sunderbans in West Bengal for small scale tidal power
development. Estimates peg the potential in this region to be about 100 MW

 Exploited potential of tidal energy in india

 The Gujarat state government has approved Rs 25 crore for setting up the 50 MW
plant at the Gulf of Kutch. The government has signed a MoU with Atlantis Resource
Corporation to setup the plant.
 The Gujarat government last year also approved a 10 MW tidal energy plant
proposed by Urja Global Limited in association with a US-based company Ocean
Energy Industries.
 MNRE sanctioned a demonstration project for setting up 3.75 MW capacity tidal
energy power plant at the Durgaduani Creek in Sunderbans region
TIDAL ENERGY POTENTIAL=INDIA

 Projected capacity of tidal energy in india

 No clear projections as capacity additions would be largely driven by
policy adopted
 Government incentives for tidal energy in india
 None at the moment, but India’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
said in Feb 2011 that it may provide financial incentives for as much as 50
percent of the cost for projects seeking to demonstrate tidal power.
 Investments in tidal energy in india
 Negligible, currently
 In Jan 2011, the state of Gujarat announced plans to install Asia’s first
commercial-scale tidal current power plant; the state government
approved the construction of a 50 MW project in the Gulf of Kutch. In
April 2012, Rs. 25 crores has been approved for the construction of this
project.
TIDAL ENERGY POTENTIAL=INDIA

 Challenges for tidal energy in India

 long development timescales (some technologies have remained at the development
stage for decades)
 High capital cost
 Lack of infrastructure for connection of the system to the grid
 Environmental issues arising out of the cable laying and other construction works
 Intermittent supply – tidal power plants provide power for only around 10 hours
each day – when the tide is actually moving in or out
 Regional limitations – tidal power plants require a basin or gulf that has mean tidal
amplitude of 7m or above for efficient generation

 Cost of power generation of tidal energy in India

 Global estimates put the price of generation at 13-15 cents/kWh (no Indian estimates
available)
WAVE ENERGY

Where does wave energy originate?

 Differential warming of the earth causes
pressure differences in the atmosphere, which
generate winds
 As winds move across the surface of open bodies
of water, they transfer some of their energy to
the water and create waves
WAVE ENERGY

The amount of energy transferred and the size of

the resulting wave depend on
 the wind speed
 the length of time for which the wind blows
 the distance over which the wind blows, or fetch

Therefore, coasts that have exposure to the

prevailing wind direction and that face long
expanses of open ocean have the greatest wave
energy levels.
WAVE ENERGY

The strongest winds blow between 30˚ and

60˚ in latitude.

Western coastlines at these latitudes

experience the most powerful waves.
HARNESSING WAVE ENERGY

In order to extract this energy, wave energy

conversion devices must create a system of
reacting forces, in which two or more
bodies move relative to each other, while at
least one body interacts with the waves.

There are many ways that such a system

could be configured.
HARNESSING ENERGY

 Limpet (Land Installed Marine Powered

Energy Transformer)

 Breakwater Design

 Power Buoys

 Pelamis
TECHNOLOGIES
 Waves retain energy differently depending on
water depth
 Lose energy slowly in deep water
 Lose energy quickly as water becomes shallower
because of friction between the moving water
particles and the sea bed
 Wave energy conversion devices are designed for
optimal operation at a particular depth range
TECHNOLOGIES
Therefore, devices can be characterized in terms of
their placement or location.
 At the shoreline
 Near the shoreline
 Off-shore

One wave energy conversion system that has

proven successful at each of these locations is the
OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN.
HISTORY-WAVE ENERGY
 1799: First patent of a device designed to use
ocean waves to generate power
 1910: First oscillating water column was built by
Bochaux-Praceique to power his house
 1940s: Yoshio Masuda experimented with many
concepts of wave power
 2004: Wave power was delivered to an electrical
grid for the first time
GLOBAL WAVE POWER
DISTRIBUTION
WAVE ENERGY
 It is estimated that there is 2-3 million mW of
energy in the waves breaking on the world
coastlines, with energies derived ultimately
form the wind
 In Great Britain alone, almost twice the current
electricity demand breaks on the countries
coastlines every day.
 A vast untapped resource, but how to harness
it?
WAVE ENERGY

Wave power devices extract energy directly from

surface waves or from pressure fluctuations below
the surface. 
Energy extracted from the waves is stored in
generators.
Wave energy can be converted into electricity
through both offshore and onshore systems.
SOURCE OF OCEAN WAVE ENERGY
WAVES FORMATION
 As wind blows along the
surface of a body of water, a
surface wave develops.
 As the wind blows, pressure
and friction forces perturb the
equilibrium of the water
surface
 These forces transfer energy
from the air to the water,
forming waves.
 The water molecules actually
move in circular motion
 When a wave can no longer
support its top, it collapses or
breaks.
 Usually happens when a wave
reaches shallow water, such as
near a coastline.
WAVE ENRGY CONVERSION
CONVESRION TECHNOLOGY

OSWC ATTENUATOR
CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY
PRESSURE
POINT ABSORBER
DIFFERENTIAL
CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY

OVERSTOPPING DEVICE OSCILLATING SURGE

POINT ABSORBNG BOUYS
OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN

An Oscillating Water Column (OWC)

consists of a partially submerged structure
that opens to the ocean below the water
surface. This structure is called a wave
collector.

This design creates a water column in the

central chamber of the collector, with a
volume of air trapped above it.
OWC
 As a wave enters the
collector, the surface of the
water column rises and
compresses the volume of
air above it.
 The compressed air is
forced into an aperture at
the top of the chamber,
moving past a turbine.
 As the wave retreats, the air
is drawn back through the
turbine due to the reduced
pressure in the chamber.
OWC=WORKING
HOW DOES IT WORK?
1. Wave capture chamber set
into rock face.
2. Tidal power forces water
into chamber.
3. Air alternately compressed
and decompressed and
decompressed by
"oscillating water
column".
4. Rushes of air drive the
Wells Turbine, creating
power.
OSCILLATING=OCEAN
OSCILLATING =LAND
TAPCHAN
 TAPCHAN
Tapered channel system, consists of
a tapered channel, which feeds into
a reservoir constructed on cliffs
above sea level. The narrowing of
the channel causes the waves to
increase in height as they move
toward the cliff face. The waves spill
over the walls of the channel into the
reservoir and the stored water is
then fed through a turbine. The
TAPCHAN systems overcome
the issue of power on demand,
as the reservoir is able to store
energy until it is required.
LIMPET

Limpet
 Takes the wave into a
funnel and drives air
pressure past two
turbines, each of
which turns a 250 kW
generator.
 Installed on the island
of Islay, off Scotland’s
west coast.
BREAKWATER
 Installed where there
would normally be a
breakwater
 a series of layered
‘reservoirs’ up a carefully
calculated slope.
 This is then converted to
kinetic energy (by falling
down), and this turns the
turbine/generator.
 A 500m breakwater can
produce respectable 150
kW generator capacity
 Only in design phase, non
of these up and running
yet
WAVE ENERGY

ADVANTAGES  DISADVANTAGES
This is a non-polluting  Wave energy requires a
source of energy consistent supply of
Wave turbines are powerful waves to fuel a
community's electrical
relatively quiet to needs, but waves are not
operate and do not consistent.
affect wild life.   Spills or accidental leaks
caused by hydraulic
fluids in the system could
also potentially harm
marine life.  
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT
TECHNOLOGIES
THANK YOU