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Multiplexing System (Lecture 5)

The document discusses different types of multiplexing systems including fault tolerant systems, multiprocessor systems, and RAID systems. It provides details on hardware and software implementations of fault tolerant systems. It also describes tightly coupled and loosely coupled multiprocessor systems. The document outlines different RAID levels and how they improve reliability and access speed using data and parity striping across disks.

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Phyo Pyae
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29 views13 pages

Multiplexing System (Lecture 5)

The document discusses different types of multiplexing systems including fault tolerant systems, multiprocessor systems, and RAID systems. It provides details on hardware and software implementations of fault tolerant systems. It also describes tightly coupled and loosely coupled multiprocessor systems. The document outlines different RAID levels and how they improve reliability and access speed using data and parity striping across disks.

Uploaded by

Phyo Pyae
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multiplexing System

CHAPTER 2
Multiplexing System

A multiplexing system is a system that improves reliability through the use of several devices.
A parallel system can be referred to as a multiplexing system in which the entire system is
targeted.
(1) Fault tolerant system
(2) Multiprocessor system
(3) RAID (Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks)
Fault tolerant system

A fault tolerant system is a system that is designed to be able to retain the necessary functions of the
overall system even if a fault occurs in part of the system.
[Hardware-based implementation method]
The computer (e.g., server) and hard disk configuring the system are duplicated in order to improve the
availability (i.e., the ability of the system to be available when needed).
[Software-based implementation method]
For example, in N-version programming, several programs that have the same functions are executed
simultaneously, and after the results are compared, the result that agrees with the majority of the programs
is adopted.
Moreover, a fail-soft structure, such as the degraded operation of a system in which the main functions are
not stopped even if several functions have been done away with, is also one of the fault tolerant systems.
Multiprocessor system

A multiprocessor system is a system in which the processor is multiplexed. Each processor


performs a parallel processing for a single purpose. Moreover, in the event of a fault, the
corresponding processor is cut off, and the processing can be continued among the remaining
processors, which results in an improvement in reliability.
(a) Tightly coupled multiprocessor system
(b) Loosely coupled multiprocessor system
Tightly coupled multiprocessor system

This is a system in which processors that are controlled by the same OS (i.e., software that
controls the computer) use a shared main memory unit and perform the processing at the
same time. Each task (i.e., unit in which the work to be processed is divided) of the system
can be executed on any processor. As a result, the load can be distributed in smaller units, but
a function for securing synchronization (i.e., timing of the processes) between tasks is
necessary.
Loosely coupled multiprocessor system

This is a system in which processors that are controlled by the each OS use an individual
main memory unit and perform the processing at the same time. The consistency of the
processing is achieved by transmitting the information of the main memory unit through a
high-speed I/O port. A cluster can be referred to as such a method.
Loosely coupled multiprocessor system

 Polyprocessor system
This is a multiprocessor system in which the distribution of roles is performed for each
processor.

 Load sharing system


This is a multiprocessor system in which tasks (or load) are distributed depending on the
situation.
RAID (Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks)

RAID is a multiplexing system (or a device multiplexing technology) for hard disks. RAID
improves reliability by handling several hard disks in an integrated manner and can be
accessed without stopping the system even when a fault occurs. It is classified as described
below depending on the recording method and position of data and redundant bits (i.e., bit
used in error detection and correction)
RAID (Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks)

• RAID0 (striping or disk striping)


The access speed is improved by splitting and writing a set of data on
several disks. There is no spare disk for improving reliability

• RAID1 (mirroring or disk mirroring)


The reliability is improved by writing the same content at the same time
in two disks that have the same capacity and using one disk for backup.
Since the data is duplicated, the usage efficiency of the disk becomes
50% of the total capacity.
RAID (Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks)

• RAID2 (the bit-level striping with dedicated Hamming-code


parity)
The access speed and reliability are improved by using several
disks for saving the data and a disk for data recovery
(hamming code).

• RAID3 (byte level striping)


The access speed and reliability are improved by using several
disks for saving the data and a disk for data recovery (parity
code).
RAID (Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks)

• RAID4 (block level striping)


The access speed and reliability are improved by performing
data access in units of sectors in lieu of units of bits used for
RAID3.

• RAID5
This is a configuration that the parity data recorded in the
parity disk for data recovery in RAID4 is distributed to the
disks for saving the data. The access speed and reliability are
improved by reducing the load of the parity disk.
RAID (Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks)

• RAID6
This is a method that two parity codes are generated for data recovery in RAID5.
RAID is also used in network storage. Typical network storage devices include NAS (Network Attached
Storage) and SAN (Storage Area Network).

NAS is a storage device that is used as a file server by connecting it directly to the network. File
systems supporting several protocols (e.g., CIFS in Windows and NFS in UNIX) are provided within
the storage. Therefore, data sharing between different OSs and machines (or servers) can be easily
performed in units of files.

On the other hand, SAN is a network storage system that is dedicated to data storage. While the load on
the network is lower than in NAS, a demerit is that it is difficult to share data between OSs and
machines (or servers) that have different file systems.

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