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Underwater Communication: Molvika Vyas 08EC000313

Underwater communication uses acoustic waves to send and receive messages below water. It typically uses frequencies between 1 Hz to 1 MHz. Communication relies on acoustic signals that are subjected to multipath phenomena, transmission loss due to signal spreading, ambient noise, and Doppler shifting as they propagate underwater. Adaptive equalizers are used to detect signals on multipath distorted acoustic channels by unraveling inter-symbol interference. Underwater networks can be centralized, with nodes communicating through a base station, or decentralized with peer-to-peer multihop transmissions. Applications include environmental monitoring, marine archaeology, search and rescue missions, and defense.

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Molvika Vyas
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52 views19 pages

Underwater Communication: Molvika Vyas 08EC000313

Underwater communication uses acoustic waves to send and receive messages below water. It typically uses frequencies between 1 Hz to 1 MHz. Communication relies on acoustic signals that are subjected to multipath phenomena, transmission loss due to signal spreading, ambient noise, and Doppler shifting as they propagate underwater. Adaptive equalizers are used to detect signals on multipath distorted acoustic channels by unraveling inter-symbol interference. Underwater networks can be centralized, with nodes communicating through a base station, or decentralized with peer-to-peer multihop transmissions. Applications include environmental monitoring, marine archaeology, search and rescue missions, and defense.

Uploaded by

Molvika Vyas
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Underwater

Communication
By~
Molvika vyas
08EC000313 1
INTRODUCTION
Underwater communication is a technique of
sending and receiving message below water.

Typical frequency: 1 Hz to 1 MHz

Using acoustic waves(by hydrophones)


Speed of sound in water ~ 1500m/sec
Speed of sound in air ~ 340m/sec
COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
The signals that are used to carry digital information
through an underwater channel are acoustic signals.
The underwater channel is not homogenous in nature
due to density and temperature gradients.
Signals are subjected to:
 Multipath phenomena
 Transmission loss
 Ambient noise
 Doppler spreading
Multipath phenomena
 numerous travel paths exists between Tx and Rx
sections due to reflection of energy by boundaries of
surface and bottom.
Transmission loss: intensity of the wave reduces as it
propagates due to geometrical spreading and
absorption mechanism.
Ambient noise: influences the received Signal to Noise
ratio and largely controls the transmitter power.
Doppler spreading: by relative motion between the
transmitter and receiver, or motion of the water, in this
bandwidth reduces.
Wave propagation
Acoustic signal is narrowband
and is subjected to multipath
propagation mainly in
horizontal channels. tx rx

The figures show


Multipath propagation in water
c distance
In shallow water,
multipath occurs due to signal
reflection from the
tx
surface and bottom

In deep water,


it occurs due to ray bending
Multipath propagation also depend upon the depth of
the water and on the environment

To detect the signal on multipath distorted acoustic


channel receiver section comprises of an equalizer

Multiple inputs from diverse hydrophones enhance


performance
inp.1 com-
data est.
inp.2 biner forward data out
+ _ decision
forward

feedback
inp. K filter
coefficients

sync. Adaptation

training data
Adaptive decision-feedback equalizer (DFE)

Equalizer task is to unravel the inter symbol


interference
Adjust adaptively using output symbol
decisions
Frequency ranges
For high power transmission: VLF(very low frequency)
band, in the range of upto 10KHz is used.

for shorter range underwater communication,


conventional system use ultra sound acoustic
transmission, in the frequency range of 20KHz-
600KHz.
Acoustic modems
Comprises of transmitter and receiver
section:

Transmitter:
 data sources : digital data to be transmitted.
 serial to parallel data processing : for splitting of data
 n-channel modulator: for modulating with n-pairs of
carriers
 Hydrophones: for receiving the modulated signal
Receiver:
 Hydrophones: for receiving modulated signal and
conveying to RF circuitary.
 RF circuitry : amplify and shaping the signal
 Serial to parallel : splitting the signal
 n-channel demodulator: demodulating shaped signal
and outputting n-channel of data.
 parallel-to-serial :combining the data into serial data
Underwater networks
Integrated networks of instruments, sensors, robots and
vehicles will operate together in a variety of underwater
environments
Depending on the application there two types of Acoustic
network :
 centralized
 decentralized

To accommodate multiple users within a selected network


topology, the communication channel must be shared
Centralized network
Centralized network, nodes communicate through a
base station that covers one cell

Centralized network topology


decentralized network
In a decentralized network, nodes communicate via
peer-to-peer, mutihop transmission of data packets.

Decentralized network topology


Applications
Environmental monitoring to gathering of
oceanographic data(prediction of natural
phenomena).

Marine archaeology

Search and rescue missions

Defense
Challenges
Battery Power is limited
Limited available bandwidth
Channel characteristics
UW sensors are prone to failures because of fouling,
corrosion, etc
Mobility
Multipath and fading problems
REFRENCES

www.redtacton.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.oceantechnologysystems.com
Underwater acoustic digital signal processing and
communication systems: By Robert S. H. Istepanian,
Milica Stojanovic
Thank you

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