SCIENCE MAJORS

Development of Science

Asia
 Fiona
Palmes

An Introduction to
Indian Civilization
ASIA
• India is a huge peninsula surrounded by
vast bodies of water and fortified by
huge mountains in its northern boarders.
• Indians are known for manufacturing
iron and metallurgic works.
 Fiona
Palmes

Iron Steel
INDIAN CIVILIZATION
• Considered to be the best and held with
high regard in the whole Roman Empire.
• The discovery of iron dates back to as
early as 1200 BC.
• The first form of iron known to ancient
man was wrought iron.
 Fiona
Palmes

Ayurveda
INDIAN CIVILIZATION
• Ayurveda is a Sanskrit term made up of
the words ‘ayus’ means life, and ‘veda’
means knowledge or science.
• Originated in ancient India before 2500
BC and still practiced as an alternative
medicine.
• ‘Ayurveda’ thus means ‘the knowledge
of life’ or ‘the science of life.’
 Fiona
Palmes

1. General Medicine
8 Components 2. Pediatrics
3. Surgery
of Ayurveda 4. Ophthalmology/ Dentistry
5. Demonology/ Exorcism/ Psychiatry
6. Toxicology
7. Anti Aging
8. Aphrodisiacs
 Fiona
Palmes

1. Ashwagandha
6 Best 2. Bitter melon
Aurvedic 3. Turmeric
4. Holy Basil
Herbs 5. Triphala
6. Trikatu
 Fiona
Palmes

Susruta Samhita
INDIAN CIVILIZATION
• Ancient texts; describes different surgical
and medical procedures.
• describing surgical training, instruments and
procedures which is still followed by
modern science of surgery.
• One of the oldest Sushruta Samhita
palm-leaf manuscripts is preserved at the
Kaiser Library, Nepal.
 Fiona
Palmes

1. Configuration of
Developed universe
Theories 2. Spherical self-supporting
earth
3. The year of 360 days
and 12 equal parts of 30
days
 Kathrina
Fojas

Siddhanta Shiromani
NDIAN CIVILIZATION
• Ancient text, written in the 12 Century
• Covered topics such as: mean longitudes of
the planets; syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar
eclipses; latitudes of the planets; risings and
settings; the moon crescent; conjunctions of
the planets with each other; conjunctions of
the planets with the fixed stars and the path
of the Sun and Moon.
• First 12 chapters evident the interest of
Indian’s on astronomy.
 Kathrina
Fojas

Mohenjo-Daro ruler
INDIAN CIVILIZATION
• ‘The Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into
units corresponding to 1.32 inches
(33.5 mm) and these are marked out in
decimal subdivisions with amazing
accuracy—to within 0.005 of an inch.
• Ancient bricks found throughout the
region have dimensions that
correspond to these units.
 Kathrina
Fojas

Aryabhantiya
INDIAN CIVILIZATION
• The book ‘Aryabhantiya’ introduced a number
of trigonometric functions, tables and
techniques as well as algorithms of algebra
• India’s Ancient Genius: Aryabhata (476-550)
• Aryabhatta was one of the earliest Indian
mathematicians and astronomers whose
pioneering work in these fields is still
referenced by many modern scholars.
• He was only 23 when he composed the
Aryabhatiya.
 Kathrina
Fojas

Hindu-Arabic
Numerical System
INDIAN CIVILIZATION
• Introduced by Brahmagupta
• Who also suggested that gravity was a force of
attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero in
both a placeholder and decimal digit.
• The positional system is still used today-
based on 10 digits with its decimal point and
a symbol for zero.
 Kathrina
Fojas

Madhava
Founder of Mathematical Analysis
INDIAN CIVILIZATION
• Madhava lived in Sangamagrama village near
Kochi, in Kerala state of India.
• He made some important advances in infinite
series including finding the expansions for
trigonometric functions.
• He also founded the Kerala school of
mathematics and astronomy which flourished
up to 16th century.
 Sarah
Bibon

An Introduction to
Chinese Civilization
ASIA
• Contributions: medicine, astronomy,
science, mathematics, arts, philosophy
and music.
• Influenced: Korea, Japan, Philippines,
Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia and
Myanmar
 Sarah
Bibon

Acupuncture
CHINESE
• Involves
CIVILIZATION
the insertion of very thin needles
through a skin at strategic points of the body.
• A key component of traditional Chinese
medicine, acupuncture is most commonly
used to treat pain.
• Traditional Chinese medicine explains
acupuncture as a technique for balancing the
flow of energy or life force — known as chi or
qi (chee).
 Sarah
Bibon

Paper Making
CHINESE
CIVILIZATION
• Paper was invented around 100 CE,
during Han Dynasty.
• The first paper were made from rags,
but later plant materials were used;
bark, hemp and bamboo.
• The invention spread slowly in the
world, reaching Europe in 1100s.
 Sarah
Bibon

Trivia: The first Paper Making Process

Chinese books were 1 2
made from strips of
Bamboo, tied in
bundle together.
3
4
 Sarah
Bibon

Iron Plough
CHINESE
• Third century B.C.; the iron plow was invented
CIVILIZATION
to make it easier to work the soil.
• The Chinese grew soybeans and rice in rows.
• The plows were shaped like a "V" with a sharp
point and side wings to cut and move the soil.
• At first, these plows were pushed by
cultivators; however, by the first century B.C.,
cattle were used to pull them more quickly.
 Sarah
Bibon

Wheelbarrow
CHINESE
• The first record of a wheelbarrow was designed
CIVILIZATION
in A.D. 200 by a general in the Chinese Imperial
Army.
• Chuko Liang, felt the tool could be used to transport
large quantities of military supplies along narrow
embankments.
• Chuko’s device had a single wheel which
measured about four feet in diameter. It had
over a dozen spokes and the wheel was
positioned so that the center of gravity from the
load would be directly over the wheel axle.
 Sarah
Bibon

Dry Dock Facility

CHINESE
• IsCIVILIZATION
a narrow basin or vessel that can be
flooded to allow a load to be floated in,
then drained to allow that load to come
to rest on a dry platform.
• Dry docks are used for the construction,
maintenance, and repair of ships, boats,
and other water craft.
• Goes at least as far back the 10th century
A.D. In 1088, Song Dynasty