0% found this document useful (0 votes)
48 views52 pages

Use of GPS

Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 52

Use of GPS

IFR Briefing I6
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Objectives

• At the end of this course, students must be able:

 to explain the working principle of GPS.


 to work actively with the GPS in flight.
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Global Navigation Satellite System
 • Introduction

• Satellite based system


• High frequency signals
containing time
information (& distance
information)
• Reception of multiple
signals enabling to
determine its position
(by triangulation)
Global Navigation Satellite System
 • Introduction

• Today 2 GNSS systems are operational:


1. GPS:
− 30 satellites
− operationally since 1974
− globally since 1992
− Operated a maintained by US Department of
Defense
2. GLONASS:
− 30 satellites by 2010, 18 operational
− Russia
Global Navigation Satellite System
 • Introduction

• In development  Galileo:
− 30 satellites European
− Operational by 2013
• Garmin G1000 is a GPS
based system
• GAGAN – Indian
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Position determination
 • General

• Minimum of 4 satellites is required to determine a 3D


position
• If altitude information can be derived from a barometric
altimeter 3 satellites are sufficient
• RAIM:
− For IFR flight a method of determining errors in the
GPS system is required
Position determination
 • RAIM

• Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring:


− Integrity monitoring of GPS for aviation applications
− Minimum of 5 visible satellites must be visible to it
− RAIM function consistency checks between position
solutions from the different satellites
− If all the solutions do not indicate the same position
there must be a fault in one or multiple signals
− A RAIM warning is given
Position determination
 • FDE

• Fault Detection and Exclusion :


− Minimum of 6 satellites to not only detect a possible
faulty satellite
− To exclude it from the navigation solution so the
navigation function can continue without interruption
• Garmin G1000 equipped with FDE
Position determination
 • FDE

• Garmin G1000
equipped with
FDE
Position determination
 • WGS84

• Position determination relative to earth


• Pin pointed on earth’s map datum = WGS 84, containing
the exact dimensions of the earth as well as global
elevation
• On the WGS 84 grid many overlays can be applied:
− For aviation: airports, VOR, Waypoints, NDB, airways,
SIDs STARs, etc.
• Other uses:
− Road networks, street names, cities, maritime routes,
etc.
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
GPS use for IFR flight
 • Approval

• The G1000 system is approved for IFR flight


• The equipment code for the aircraft is G (GNSS)
• Can be used to navigate to or from any waypoint ( VOR,
NDB, intersection waypoint, etc.)
GPS use for IFR flight
 • Planning

• Planning a flight with GPS as only


navigation source:
− Ensure RAIM is available for
the route or route segment
flown solely on GPS
− Use G1000 internal RAIM
prediction
− GPS NOTAMs are available
worldwide
GPS use for IFR flight
 • Approaches

• Only the GPS approved approaches (by the authority)


• The title of the approach contains GPS or RNAV
GPS use for IFR flight
 • Approaches

• G1000 database knows if the approach is approved to be


flown on GPS or not

GPS symbol right of the


approach title
GPS use for IFR flight
 • Approaches

• G1000 database knows if the approach is approved to be


flown on GPS or not

If not a popup warning


will come up when
loading the approach
GPS use for IFR flight
 • RAIM Failure Annunciation

• RAIM will give a position error when the position error


exceeds:
− 2NM in ENR
− 1NM TERMINAL
− 0,3NM Approach
• In all 3 cases resume to conventional navigation, if on
approach, perform a go around (and prepare for a
conventional approach)
GPS use for IFR flight
 • Approaches

• GPS information is either not present or is invalid for


navigation use.
• Note that AHRS utilizes GPS inputs
during normal operation. AHRS
operation may be degraded if GPS
signals are not present.
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Direct TO

• Manually enter a point (you must know the identifier or


name of facility):
− Press the key

− Use the FMS rotary buttons (inner & outer) to enter the
name or ident

− Press twice key


Basic GPS manipulation
 • Direct TO

• Any waypoint found in the G1000 menus (NRST, WPT,


Flight plan,...):

− Press knob (cursor lights up)

− Move cursor (outer knob) over the desired waypoint,


name or identifier
− Press key

− Press twice key


Basic GPS manipulation
 • Direct TO

• Direct-to is activated, the G1000 provides navigation


guidance to the selected destination until:
− the direct-to is either replaced with a new direct-to or
flight plan,
− cancelled, or
− when the G1000 is powered off
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Direct TO

• Canceling a direct-to:
1. Press the key to display the Direct-to window

2. Press the key

3. With ‘Cancel Direct-To NAV’ highlighted, press the


key

• If a flight plan is still active, the G1000 resumes


navigating the flight plan along the closest leg
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Flight Plan

• Press key

− The active flight plan shows (if no FPL is entered the


departure airport is entered as the default 1st
waypoint)
− Press on the LOAD DP soft key to load a SID, or
− Push on the FMS button (cursor comes alive)
− Enter the sequence of
waypoints in chronological
order
− Note: a new waypoint is
entered above the cursor
line
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Flight Plan

• Same elements on the Flight Plan page on the MFD


Basic GPS manipulation
 • Flight Plan

• Press the softkey LOAD STAR


− the departure airport is still default, here you must enter
the destination airport to have the list of STARs at DEST
• Press the softkey LOAD APPR
− the departure airport is still default, here you must enter
the destination airport to have the list of approach at
DEST
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Load & Activate an approach

• Before starting the approach:


− Press key or go to FPL and press softkey ‘LOAD
APR ‘

− Select the approach, suitable IAF and procedure design


(Cat A&B or C&D) or vectors to final & press
− Choose Load or Activate
 Load: the approach sequence is loaded after the last
waypoint of the flightplan
 Activate: the first waypoint of the approach (IAF)
becomes the active waypoint, current FPL is
skipped
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Load & Activate an approach

• If the approach is not approved for GPS, a ‘NOT APPROVED


FOR GPS’ message is displayed with ‘YES’ highlighted

• Press the ENT Key to acknowledge the message. To cancel


the approach, select ‘NO’ and press
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Load & Activate an approach

• When loading a procedure (DP,


STAR, APPR) with the intention
of using GPS as primary
navigation
• Check on the FPL page the DTK
& DIST match the information
from the chart
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Load & Activate an approach

• ILS Approach:
− load the ILS approach as guidance, BUT the approach
MUST be flown raw data (CDI on ILS)
• VOR & NDB Approach:
− can be flown using (GPS as overlay), BUT raw data
backup must be present
− For NDB:
 continious monitoring of identification
 ADF selected on double needle
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Activate Leg

• Go to ‘FPL’ page
• Highlight the desired destination waypoint
• Press softkey ‘ACT LEG’
• The leg to the desired waypoint is active
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Removing

• To remove a:
− waypoint
− DP
− STAR
− APPR
• Go to
• Put cursor on point or procedure title to remove
• Press
• ‘OK’
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Frequency Tuning

• When loading or activating a VOR or ILS approach the


VOR/ILS frequency is automatically tuned:
• In the active field of Nav1: if navigating on GPS (CDI set to
GPS magenta)
• It is loaded in the standby field of the active CDI mode
(NAV1 or 2)
Basic GPS manipulation
 • CDI

• Softkey toggles the HSI source between Nav 1, Nav 2 & GPS
• In GPS mode the HSI displays the track deviation relative to
the active leg
• Automatic sequencing occurs when passing over the active
waypoint
• The CDI scale deviation depends on the phase of flight:
− Enroute: 5NM
− Terminal: 1 NM (when within 30NM of dest airport)
− Approach: 0,3NM (within 2NM of FAF)
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Use of the ‘OBS’ softkey

• Pressing the OBS softkey:


− Locks the active waypoint and auto sequencing is
suspended
− When OBS mode is active:
 G1000 allows the pilot to set a desired course to/from a
waypoint using theCRS/BARO Knob and HSI (much like a
VOR)
 OBS can be used to fly multiple holding patterns (to avoid
auto sequencing)
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Use of the ‘OBS’ softkey

• The CRS button is used to set the inbound course of the


holding. Abeam & teardrop can be checked by setting the
BRG to GPS
• To change the course, use the triangle shaped inner knob
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Missed Approach

• At MAPt: Auto sequencing suspended


• Auto sequencing suspended and the MAPt remains active
 ‘SUSP’ highlighted in softkeys
• Pressing ‘SUSP’ softkey enables sequencing and
navigation to the first waypoint of the missed approach
procedure
• Always fly missed approach as published on IFR chart
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Missed Approach

• Note: missed approach with conditional waypoint


• Example: Antwerp, Belgium
− missed Approach
 SUSP
− press ‘SUSP’ softkey
− immediately SUSP
appear again
− at 1500’ & turning left
− press ‘SUSP’ softkey
 sequencing to ANT
resumed
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Approach with procedure turn

• No guidance during procedure turn


• Correct for wind mannually
• The message “Start PT” will appear after 1 min FAF
outbound
− this is NOT a command to start the turn
− calculate when to turn, in order to have enough space
and time to descend to stay within the protected area
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Approach with a hold

• Hold = part of procedure


• 1 turn in hold must be
executed
• GPS will schedule 1 holding
turn & resume sequence
• ‘SUSP’ appears during 1st
passage of fix
• When inbound press ‘SUSP’
again to start sequencing
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Approach with a hold

• No guidance in the hold, except timing is started


automatically abeam the fix
• If more holdings:
− Press ‘OBS’ softkey
− Inbound & ready for approach, press ‘OBS’ again
before passing fix
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Approach with DME Arc

• DME Arc: defined by points


laying in the arc
• Format: D+BRG+Distance
− E.g.: D270G = DME fix on
radial 270 at 7 NM (G =
7th letter)
• Track guidance available
along the arc
• G1000 commands track
changes per 10°  Turn to
XXX°
Basic GPS manipulation
 • Activating Vectors to Final

• FAF becomes active waypoint, with FAC (Final Approach


Course) extented from the FAF
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Airmanship

 Train with the G1000 Trainer as much as possible, in order to know


the ‘basic GPS manupilation’ by heart
 Learning the G1000 does not happen in the simulator or aircraft
but before.
 When navigating on GPS always know a backup plan if GPS fails:
Tune radios aids in your vicinity to quickly regain position
awareness should the GPS fail.
 When receiving G1000 warnings on the GPS, immediately resume
to conventional navigation, until the problem is solved.
 If planning to use GPS as primary or only navigation tool, a
thorough flight planning is required.  RAIM availability cannot
always be guaranteed during some periods & in some areas.
Especially mountainous areas, in the valleys.
Content – I6

 Objectives
 Global Navigation Satellite System
 Position determination
 GPS use for IFR flight
 Basic GPS manipulation
 Airmanship
 Common errors
Common errors

 Incorrect use of the cursor & rotary buttons (see G1000 briefing),
know the functions of the inner& outer rotary buttons. The ‘ENT’,
‘CLR’ keys and the ‘Push to Cursor’ button.
 Difficulties to manage the above discussed functions in a timely
matter.  (Direct, Cancel D, FPL, Loading DP or STAR, APPR,..). 
Practice is the key!
 Being familiar with frequency auto tuning. Not expecting it or not
checking which frequency has been auto tuned when loading
the approach.
 Flying an approach on GPS which is not approved for it.
 Continuing to navigate on GPS with fault warnings.

You might also like