Acropolis Institute of Technology and Research, Indore

ME- 503 (B) :

Departmental Elective Dynamics of
Machine

Date: 13 Aug 2021 Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.1
Overview and Prerequisites
● Dynamics of machine require the knowledge of basics
of theory of machines which you studied earlier in the
previous sem classes.

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Objectives
● Course Objectives
● Student will learn about motion and force applied on any mechanism also
we will learn about the device which store energy and this store energy
how can useful in any machinery.
● Student will learn about the various governor mechanism use to control
speed.
● Student will learn about how to add mass or remove mass to make our
system balance.
● Student will be able to learn about how friction act on pivot and collar and
its prevention through lubrication and function of various types of clutch.
● Student will be able to learn about the function of various types of breaks
and Dynamometer along with function of various types of CAM and
follower.
Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.3
Discussion on syllabus and related books

https://www.rgpv.ac.in/UC/frm_download_file.aspx?
Filepath=CDN/PubContent/Scheme/V%20Sem%20ME
%20_Sy060719034258.pdf

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 Unit 1
Dynamics of Engine Mechanisms

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Basics of Dynamics of Machines
Dynamics a branch of mechanics that deals with forces and their
relation primarily to the motion.
Example:- While opening a door we are Pulling or pushing the
door and door opens here door is a rigid object and pulling and
pushing of the door is force and opening of door due to force is
motion.
Machines/ Machinery : It is defined as a mechanical device or
the parts that keep moving working.
Example:- Drum in washing machine, Compressor in refrigerator,
engine in vehicle.
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Correlation of DOM with real world problem
● Application of DOM –
● Which cause quiver during swinging at high speed?
During swinging it oscillate but when you swinging at high
speed its vibrate along with oscillation. This vibration is a part
of DOM when speed of swing is increases than its natural
frequency it vibrates causes accident like a falling down.
SEESAW- on what principle see saw works?
Due to in balancing of weight chance of fall down increases but if
the weight is same at both side of seesaw it work correctly
because of balancing of seesaw.
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• Why does vehicle flip by one side at time of taking turn –
Because COG is change but human body COG does not change
hence couple produce and this couple is responsible for flip of
vehicle.
in sports bike and car Radius of turn plays important role along
with balancing gyroscope effect plays important role.
• Can a singer break a glass-
Yes, there are so many types of music in which opera music is of
high frequency music which can create vibration to a small
object and due to that glass breaks. Here vibration plays major
role.

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Why are we feeling less jurk in sports car compared to normal car-
let as take ex of two car Bolero and WegonR in bolero car feel less jurk
than WegonR it because of damper system of car damper system also
known as jumper and damper system resist forpiration its also part of
DOM.

How does a punching machine works ?

A mechanical device which is known as punching machine it helps to
make holes on a metal sheet, here flywheel is a device is used to store
energy for the punching stroke so flywheel is a part of DOM.

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Application of DOM –
● How Sensor of mobile works during gaming and shaking of
hands?
Only a movement of hand can turn the car right to left or jump
reason behind this is gyroscopic sensor which help for internal
motion by external action gyroscope sensor is also a part of
DOM.
● Why do Soldiers take support of their Shoulder while firing?
Because at the time of firing equal force act on a back side to resist
this force and maintain in one steady state soldier take support
of shoulder so that they can hit the target.

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Application of DOM –
● Why are soldiers not allowed to marc on a bridge?
When soldiers are marching at that time movement of their hands
and legs are same so it produces more frequency and it
responsible for more bridge vibration as it more than nature
frequency of bridge due to this frequency difference chance of
collapsing is more.
Live ex. – TACOMA BRIDGE COLLAPSE.

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Application of DOM –
● On what principle a Pendulum works ?What will happen if
we increase its swing?
When Force is continuously applied the movement of pendulum
change and shake more or vibrate more.
● Why do automobile have lesser speed at gear 1 and highest
speed at gear 4 or 5.
When we starting car we require more torque power and as a speed
increases at that time we required less power and less fuel
consumption we try for gear 4 and 5 and for the starting we
required more power at that time we drive gear 1 with the help
of motion and force which is a part of DOM.
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Application of DOM –
● Why does furniture vibrates when music is to loud?
It is because of music frequency and object frequency has a
difference due to that object is vibrating, this vibration is a part
of DOM.

Discuss on Syllabus

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Unit 1: Dynamics of Engine Mechanisms: Displacement, velocity
and acceleration of piston; turning moment on crankshaft, turning
moment diagram; fluctuation of crankshaft speed, analysis of
flywheel.
Unit 2: Governor Mechanisms: Types of governors, characteristics
of centrifugal governors, gravity and spring controlled centrifugal
governors, hunting of centrifugal governors, inertia governors.
Unit 3: Balancing of Inertia Forces and Moments in Machines:
Balancing of rotating masses, two plane balancing, determination
of balancing masses (graphical and analytical methods),
balancing of rotors, balancing of internal combustion engines
(single cylinder engines, in-line engines, V-twin engines, radial
engines, Lanchester technique of engine balancing.
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Unit 4: Friction: Frictional torque in pivots and collars by uniform
pressure and uniform wear rate criteria. Boundary and fluid film
lubrication, friction in journal and thrust bearings, concept of
friction circle and axis, rolling friction. Clutches: Single plate and
multi plate clutches, Cone clutches.

Unit 5: Brakes: Band brake, block brakes, Internal and external

shoe brakes, braking of vehicles. Dynamometer: Different types
and their applications. Dynamic Analysis of Cams: Response of
un-damped cam mechanism (analytical method), follower
response analysis by phase-plane method, jump and cross-over
shock.
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In unit 1 Dynamics of Engine Mechanisms you will learn about
motion and force applied on any mechanism also we will learn
about the device which store energy
And this store energy how can useful in any machinery.

In unit 2 Governor Mechanisms you will learn about the various

governor mechanism use to control speed

In unit 3 Balancing you will learn about how to add mass or

remove mass to make our system balance.

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In unit 4 Friction In this unit you will be able to learn about how
friction act on pivot and collar and its prevention through lubrication
and function of various types of clutch.
In unit 5 Brakes: In this unit you will be able to learn about the
function of various types of breaks and Dynamometer along with
function of various types of CAM and follower

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BOOKS
1. Ambekar, AG; Mechanism and Machine Theory; PHI
2. Rattan SS; Theory of machines; TMH
3. Sharma and Purohit; Design of Machine elements; PHI
4. Bevan; Theory of Machines;
5. Ghosh and Mallik; Theory of Mechanisms and Machines;
Affiliated East-West Press, Delhi
6. Norton RL; kinematics and dynamics of machinery; TMH
7. Grover; Mechanical Vibrations
8. Balaney; Theory of Machines by
9. Theory of Vibrations by Thomson

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 Unit 2: Governor Mechanisms

INTRODUCTION • The function of a governor is to regulate the

mean speed of an engine, when there are variations in the load
• For example, when the load on an engine increases, its speed
decreases, therefore it becomes necessary to increase the supply of
working fluid.
• On the other hand, when the load on the engine decreases, its
speed increases and thus less working fluid is required.
The governor automatically controls the supply of working fluid to
the engine with the varying load condition and keeps the mean
speed within certain limits.
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• A little consideration will show that, when the load increases, the
configuration of the governor changes and a value is moved to
increase the supply of the working fluid ; conversely, when the load
decreases, the engine speed increases and the governor decreases the
supply of working fluid.
The function of a flywheel in an engine is entirely different from
that of a governor.
• It controls the speed variation caused by the fluctuation of the
engine turning moment during each cycle of operation.
• It does not control the speed variation caused by a varying load.
• The varying demand for power is met by the governor regulating
the supply of working fluid.
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Types of Governors • The governors may, broadly, be classified as
1. Centrifugal governors 2. Inertia governors

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Centrifugal Governors • The centrifugal governors are based on
the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by an equal
and opposite radial force, known as the controlling force.

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It consists of two balls of equal mass, which are attached to the arms
as shown in Fig. • These balls are known as governor balls or fly
balls. The balls revolve with a spindle, which is driven by the engine
through bevel gears. • The upper ends of the arms are pivoted to the
spindle, so that the balls may rise up or fall down as they revolve
about the vertical axis. • The arms are connected by the links to a
sleeve, which is keyed to the spindle. This sleeve revolves with the
spindle ; but can slide up and down.
The arms are connected by the links to a sleeve, which is keyed to the
spindle. This sleeve revolves with the spindle ; but can slide up and
down. • The balls and the sleeve rises when the spindle speed
increases, and falls when the speed decreases.
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In order to limit the travel of the sleeve in upward and downward
directions, two stops S, S are provided on the spindle.
The sleeve is connected by a bell crank lever to a throttle valve. •
The supply of the working fluid decreases when the sleeve rises and
increases when it falls. • When the load on the engine increases, the
engine and the governor speed decreases. • This results in the
decrease of centrifugal force on the balls. Hence the balls move
inwards and the sleeve moves downwards.
The downward movement of the sleeve operates a throttle valve at
the other end of the bell crank lever to increase the supply of
working fluid and thus the engine speed is increased.

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When the load on the engine decreases, the engine and the governor
speed increases, which results in the increase of centrifugal force on
the balls. • Thus the balls move outwards and the sleeve rises
upwards. • This upward movement of the sleeve reduces the supply
of the working fluid and hence the speed is decreased. In this case,
the power output is reduced.

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Terms Used in Governors • The following terms used in governors are
important from the subject point of view ; 1. Height of a governor. It
is the vertical distance from the centre of the ball to a point where the
axes of the arms (or arms produced) intersect on the spindle axis. It is
usually denoted by h. 2. Equilibrium speed. It is the speed at which
the governor balls, arms etc., are in complete equilibrium and the
sleeve does not tend to move upwards or downwards. 3. Mean
equilibrium speed. It is the speed at the mean position of the balls or
the sleeve. 4. Maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds. The
speeds at the maximum and minimum radius of rotation of the balls,
without tending to move either way are known as maximum and
minimum equilibrium speeds respectively. 5. Sleeve lift. It is the
vertical distance which the sleeve travels due to change in equilibrium
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GOVERNOR EFFORT •
It is defined the mean force exerted on the sleeve during a given
change in speed in speed. When governor speed is consists the net
force at the sleeve is zero. When governor speed increase, there will
be a net force on the sleeve to move it upwards and sleeve starts
moving to the new equilibrium position where net force becomes
zero.

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Watt Governor
The simplest form of a centrifugal governor is a Watt governor, as
shown in Fig.
It is basically a conical pendulum with links attached to a sleeve of
negligible mass. The arms of the governor may be connected to the
spindle in the following three ways :
1. The pivot P, may be on the spindle axis as shown in Fig. (a).
2. The pivot P, may be offset from the spindle axis and the arms
when produced intersect at
O, as shown in Fig. (b).
3. The pivot P, may be offset, but the arms cross the axis at O, as
shown in Fig. (c).
m = Mass of the ball in kg,
w = Weight of the ball in newtons = m.g,
T = Tension in the arm in newtons,
ω = Angular velocity of the arm and ball about the spindle axis in
rad/s,
r = Radius of the path of rotation of the ball i.e. horizontal distance
from the centre of the ball to the spindle axis in metres,
FC = Centrifugal force acting on the ball in newtons = m.ω2.r, and
h = Height of the governor in metres.
It is assumed that the weight of the arms, links and the sleeve are
negligible as compared to
the weight of the balls. Now, the ball is in equilibrium under the
action of
1. the centrifugal force (FC) acting on the ball, 2. the tension (T)
in the arm, and 3. the weight
(w) of the ball.
Taking moments about point O, we have

When g is expressed in m/s2 and ω in rad/s, then h is in metres. If

N is the speed in r.p.m., then
We see from the above expression that the height of a governor h, is
inversely proportional to N2.
Therefore at high speeds, the value of h is small. At such speeds, the
change in the value of h corresponding to
a small change in speed is insufficient to enable a governor of this
type to operate the mechanism to give the
necessary change in the fuel supply. This governor may only work
satisfactorily at relatively low speeds i.e.
from 60 to 80 r.p.m.
Calculate the vertical height of a Watt governor when it rotates at
60 r.p.m. Also find the change in vertical height when its speed
increases to 61 r.p.m.
Solution. Given : N1 = 60 r.p.m. ; N2 = 61 r.p.m.
Initial height
We know that initial height,

Change in vertical height

We know that final height
Change in vertical height
= h1 – h2 = 0.248 – 0.24 = 0.008 m = 8 mm Ans.
 Porter Governor
In Porter governor central load is attached to
the sleeve as shown in Fig . • The load moves
up and down the central spindle. This
additional downward force increases the
speed of revolution required to enable the
balls to rise to any predetermined level. •
Consider the forces acting on one-half of the
governor as shown in Fig.

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A Porter governor has equal arms each 250 mm long and pivoted on
the axis of rotation. Each ball has a mass of 5 kg and the mass of the
central load on the sleeve is 15 kg. The radius of rotation of the ball
is 150 mm when the governor begins to lift and 200 mm when the
governor is at maximum speed. Find the minimum and maximum
speeds and range of speed of the governor.

Sol:- Given :BP = BD = 250 mm = 0.25 m ; m = 5 kg ; M = 15 kg ;

r1 = 150 mm = 0.15m; r2 = 200 mm = 0.2 m

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The minimum and maximum positions of the governor are shown in Fig
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Minimum speed when r1 = BG = 0.15 m N1 = Minimum speed
height of the governor

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Q-2.The arms of a Porter governor are each 250 mm long and
pivoted on the governor axis. The mass of each ball is 5 kg and the
mass of the central sleeve is 30 kg. The radius of rotation of the
balls is 150 mm when the sleeve begins to rise and reaches a value
of 200 mm for maximum speed. Determine the speed range of the
governor. If the friction at the sleeve is equivalent of 20 N of load
at the sleeve, determine how the speed range is modified.
Solution;.Given : BP = BD = 250 mm ; m = 5 kg ; M = 30 kg ; r1 =
150 mm ; r2 = 200 mm Minimum and maximum speed of the
governor The minimum and maximum position of the governor is
shown in Fig. (a) and (b) respectively. N1 = Minimum speed when
r1 = BG = 150 mm, and N2 = Maximum speed when r2 = BG =
200 mm.
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To find Speed range of the governor , height of the governor

Speed range of the governor is given by = N2 – N1 = 204.4 – 177 = 27.4 rpm.

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Speed range when friction at the sleeve is equivalent of 20 N of load
(i.e. when F = 20 N) When the sleeve moves downwards, the friction
force (F) acts upwards and the minimum speed is given by

We also know that when the sleeve moves upwards, the frictional
force (F) acts downwards and the maximum speed is given by

Speed range of the governor= N2 – N1= 210 – 172 = 38 rpm.

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In an engine governor of the Porter type, the upper and lower arms are
200 mm and 250 mm respectively and pivoted on the axis of rotation.
The mass of the central load is 15 kg, the mass of each ball is 2 kg and
friction of the sleeve together with the resistance of the operating gear
is equal to a load of 25 N at the sleeve. If the limiting inclinations of
the upper arms to the vertical are 30° and 40°, find, taking friction into
account, range of speed of the governor.
Solution. Given :BP = 200 mm = 0.2 m ; BD = 250 mm = 0.25 m ; M = 15 kg ;
m = 2 kg ; F = 25 N ; 1= 30°; 2 = 40° Minimum and maximum speed of the
governor - The minimum and maximum position of the governor is shown Fig.
(a) and (b)respectively. 31 = Minimum speed, 32 = Maximum speed. Referring
Fig. (a), minimum speed,.1 = BG = BP sin 30° = 0.2 × 0.5 = 0.1 m Height of the
governor,ℎ1 = PG = BP cos 30° = 0.2 × 0.866 = 0.1732 m
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Hartnell Governor
• A Hartwell governor is a
spring loaded governor as
shown in Fig. It consists of two
bell crank levers pivoted at the
points O,O to the frame.
• The frame is attached to the
governor spindle and therefore
rotates with it.

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Each lever carries a ball at the end of the vertical arm OB and a
roller at the end of the horizontal arm OR.
• A helical spring in compression provides equal downward forces
on the two rollers through a collar on the sleeve.
• The spring force may be adjusted by screwing a nut up or down
on the sleeve.

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Problems on Hartnell Governor

A Hartnell governor having a central sleeve spring and two right-

angled bell crank levers moves between 290 rpm. and 310 rpm. for a
sleeve lift of 15 mm. The sleeve arms and the ball arms are 80 mm
and 120 mm respectively. The levers are pivoted at 120 mm from the
governor axis and mass of each ball is 2.5 kg. The ball arms are
parallel to the governor axis at the lowest equilibrium speed.
Determine 1. Loads on the spring at the lowest and the highest
equilibrium speeds, and 2. Stiffness of the spring.

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A spring loaded governor of the Hartnell type has arms of equal
length. The masses rotate in a circle of 130 mm diameter when the
sleeve is in the mid position and the ball arms are vertical. The
equilibrium speed for this position is 450 r.p.m., neglecting friction.
The maximum sleeve movement is to be 25 mm and the maximum
variation of speed taking in account the friction to be 5 per cent of
the mid position speed. The mass of the sleeve is 4 kg and the
friction may be considered equivalent to 30 N at the sleeve. The
power of the governor must be sufficient to overcome the friction by
one per cent change of speed either way at mid-position. Determine,
neglecting obliquity effect of arms; 1. The value of each rotating
mass : 2. The spring stiffness in N/mm ; and 3. The initial
compression of spring. Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.64
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Characteristics of Governors Different governors can be
compared on the basis of following characteristics:-
Stability:- A governor is said to be stable when for every
speed within the working range there is a definite
configuration i.e. there is only one radius of rotation of the
governor balls at which the governor is in equilibrium. For
a stable governor, if the equilibrium speed increases, the
radius of governor balls must also increase.
Sensitiveness of Governors :- If a governor operates
between the speed limits N1 and N2, then sensitiveness is
defined as the ratio of the mean speed to the difference
between the maximum and minimum speeds. Thus, N1 =
Minimum equilibrium speed, N2 = Maximum equilibrium speed,
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Isochronous Governors:- A governor is said to be isochronous
when the equilibrium speed is constant (i.e. range of speed is zero)
for all radii of rotation of the balls within the working range,
neglecting friction. The isochronisms is the stage of infinite
sensitivity. Let us consider the case of a Porter governor running at
speeds N1 and N2 rpm.
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Hunting of governor:-
Hunting is the name given to a condition in which the speed of the
engine controlled by the governor fluctuates continuously above and
below the mean speed. It is caused by a governor which is too
sensitive and which, therefore, changes by large amount the supply
of fuel to the engine.
Effort and Power of a Governor:-
The effort of a governor is the mean force exerted at the sleeve for a
given percentage change of speed* (or lift of the sleeve). It may be
noted that when the governor is running steadily, there is no force at
the sleeve. But, when the speed changes, there is a resistance at the
sleeve which opposes its motion. It is assumed that this resistance
which is equal to the effort, varies uniformly fromFaculty
Department of Mechanical Engineering
a Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.82
maximum value to zero while the governor moves into its new
position of equilibrium. The power of a governor is the work done at
the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed. It is the product of
the mean value of the effort and the distance through which the sleeve
moves. i.e., Power = Mean effort × lift of sleeve

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A Porter governor has equal arms each 250 mm long and pivoted on
the axis of rotation. Each ball has a mass of 5 kg and the mass of the
central load on the sleeve is 25 kg. The radius of rotation of the ball
is 150 mm when the governor begins to lift and 200 mm when the
governor is at maximum speed. Find the range of speed, sleeve lift,
governor effort and power of the governor in the following cases :
1. When the friction at the sleeve is neglected, and 2. When the
friction at the sleeve is equivalent to 10 N.
Given : BP = BD = 250 mm ; m = 5 kg ; M = 25 kg ; r1 =150 mm ; r2 = 200
mm ; F = 10 N 1. When the friction at the sleeve is neglected First of all, let us
find the minimum and maximum speed of rotation. The minimum and maximum
position of the governor is shown in Fig. 18.34 (a) and (b) respectively. Let N1 =
Minimum speed, and N2 = Maximum speed.
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 Inertia Governors

• This works on a different principle. The governor balls are

arranged so that the inertia forces caused by angular
acceleration or retardation of the governor shaft tend to alter
their positions.
• The amount of the displacement of the balls is controlled by
springs and the governor mechanism to alter the supply of
energy to the engine.
.
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 Inertia Governors
• The advantage of this type of governor is that the positions of the
balls are affected by the rate of change of speed of the governor
shaft.
A more rapid response to a change of load is obtained, since the
action of the governor is due to acceleration and not to a finite
change of speed. The advantage is offset, however, by the practical
difficulty of arranging for a complete balance of the revolving parts
of the governor. For this reason centrifugal governors are much more
frequently used.
Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.90
Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.90
Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.90
Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.90
Difference Between Flywheel and Governor

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.90

Exercise Problems 1) A loaded governor of the Porter type has equal
arms and links each 250 mm long. The mass of each ball is 2 kg and
the central mass is 12 kg. When the ball radius is 150 mm, the valve
is fully open and when the radius is 185 mm, the valve is closed.
Find the maximum speed and the range of speed. If the maximum
speed is to be increased 20% by an addition of mass to the central
load, find what additional mass is required.
[Ans. 193 r.p.m. ; 16 r.p.m.; 6.14 kg]

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.90

2) In a Porter governor, the upper and lower arms are each 250 mm
long and are pivoted on the axis of rotation. The mass of each
rotating ball is 3 kg and the mass of the sleeve is 20 kg. The sleeve is
in its lowest position when the arms are inclined at 30° to the
governor axis. The lift of the sleeve is 36 mm. Find the force of
friction at the sleeve, if the speed at the moment it rises from the
lowest position is equal to the speed at the moment it falls from the
highest position. Also, find the range of speed of the governor.
[Ans. 9.8 N ; 16 r.p.m.]

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.91

3) A Proell governor has all the four arms of length 250 mm. The
upper and lower ends of the arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation
of the governor. The extension arms of the lower links are each 100
mm long and parallel to the axis when the radius of the ball path is
150 mm. The mass of each ball is 4.5 kg and the mass of the central
load is 36 kg. Determine the equilibrium speed of the governor.
[Ans. 164 r.p.m.]

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.92

4) A Proell governor has arms of 300 mm length. The upper arms are
hinged on the axis of rotation, whereas the lower arms are pivoted at a
distance of 35 mm from the axis of rotation. The extension of lower
arms to which the balls are attached are 100 mm long. The mass of
each ball is 8 kg and the mass on the sleeve is 60 kg. At the minimum
radius of rotation of 200 mm, the extensions are parallel to the
governor axis. Determine the equilibrium speed of the governor for
the given configuration. What will be the equilibrium speed for the
maximum radius of 250 mm? [Ans. 144.5 r.p.m. ; 158.2 r.p.m.]

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.93

5) A spring controlled governor of the Hartnell type with a
central spring under compression has balls each of mass 2 kg.
The ball and sleeve arms of the bell crank levers are
respectively 100 mm and 60 mm long and are at right angles.
In the lowest position of the governor sleeve, the radius of
rotation of the balls is 80 mm and the ball arms are parallel to
the governor axis. Find the initial load on the spring in order
that the sleeve may begin to lift at 300 r.p.m. If the stiffness of
the spring is 30 kN/m, what is the equilibrium speed
corresponding to a sleeve lift of 10 mm?
[Ans. 527 N ; 342 r.p.m.]

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.94

6) In a governor of the Hartnell type, the mass of each ball
is 1.5 kg and the lengths of the vertical and horizontal
arms of the bell crank lever are 100 mm and 50 mm
respectively. The fulcrum of the bell crank lever is at a
distance of 90 mm from the axis of rotation. The
maximum and minimum radii of rotation of balls are 120
mm and 80 mm and the corresponding equilibrium speeds
are 325 and 300 r.p.m. Find the stiffness of the spring and
the equilibrium speed when the radius of rotation is 100
mm.
[Ans. 18 kN/m, 315 r.p.m.]

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.95

7) A Porter governor has all four arms 200 mm long. The
upper arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation and the
lower arms are attached to a sleeve at a distance of 25 mm
from the axis. Each ball has a mass of 2 kg and the mass
of the load on the sleeve is 20 kg. If the radius of rotation
of the balls at a speed of 250 r.p.m. is 100 mm, find the
speed of the governor after the sleeve has lifted 50 mm.
Also determine the effort and power of the governor.
[Ans. 275.6 r.p.m.; 22.4 N; 1.12 N-m]

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.96

8) A Porter governor has arms 250 mm each and four rotating
flyballs of mass 0.8 kg each. The sleeve movement is restricted
to ± 20 mm from the height when the mean speed is 100 r.p.m.
Calculate the central dead load and sensitivity of the governor
neglecting friction when the flyball exerts a centrifugal force of
9.81 N. Determine also the effort and power of the governor
for 1 percent speed change.
[Ans. 11.76 N; 11.12; 0.196 N; 7.7 N-mm]

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Pivoted Block or Shoe Brake
We have discussed in the previous article that when the angle of
contact is less than 60°, then it may be assumed that the normal
pressure between the block and the wheel is uniform. But when the
angle of contact is greater than 60°, then the unit pressure normal to
the surface of contact is less at the ends than at the centre. In such
cases, the block or shoe is pivoted to the lever, as shown in Fig.
19.4, instead of being rigidly attached to the lever. This gives
uniform wear of the brake lining in the direction of the applied
force. The braking torque for a pivoted block or shoe brake (i.e.
when 2 θ > 60°) is given by

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.106

These brakes have more life and
may provide a higher braking
torque

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.106

A single block brake is shown in Fig. The diameter of the drum is
250 mm and the angle of contact is 90°. If the operating force of
700 N is applied at the end of a lever and the coefficient of friction
between the drum and the lining is 0.35, determine the torque that
may be transmitted by the block brake.
Given : d = 250 mm or r = 125 mm ; 2θ =
90°
= π / 2 rad ; P = 700 N ; μ = 0.35
Since the angle of contact is greater than
60°, therefore equivalent coefficient of
friction,
Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.106
Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.106
Q- Fig. shows a brake shoe applied
to a drum by a lever AB which is
pivoted at a fixed point A and
rigidly fixed to the shoe.
The radius of the drum is 160 mm.
The coefficient of friction at the
brake lining is 0.3. If the drum
rotates clockwise, find the braking
torque due to the horizontal force
of 600 N at B.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.106

Given : r = 160 mm = 0.16 m ; μ = 0.3 ; P = 600 N Since the angle
subtended by the shoe at the centre of drum is 40°, therefore we need
not to calculate the equivalent coefficient of friction μ′. Let RN =
Normal force pressing the block to the brake drum, and Ft =
Tangential braking force = μ. RN Taking moments about point A,

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.106

A double shoe brake, as shown in Fig.
is capable of absorbing a torque of
1400 N-m. The diameter of the brake
drum is 350 mm and the angle of
contact for each shoe is 100°. If the
coefficient of friction between the
brake drum and lining is 0.4 ; find 1.
the spring force necessary to set the
brake ; and 2. the width of the brake
shoes, if the bearing pressure on the
lining material is not to exceed 0.3
N/mm2.
Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No.106
Given : TB = 1400 N-m = 1400 × 103 N-mm ;
d = 350 mm or r = 175 mm ; 2θ = 100° = 100 × π /180 = 1.75 rad;
μ = 0.4 ; pb = 0.3 N/mm2
1. Spring force necessary to set the brake
Let S = Spring force necessary to set the brake.
RN1 and Ft1 = Normal reaction and the braking force on the right
hand side shoe, and RN2 and Ft2 = Corresponding values on
the left hand side shoe. Since the angle of contact is greater than
60°, therefore equivalent coefficient of friction,

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Summary

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Name: Virendra Patil Slide No. 193
Acropolis Institute of Technology and Research, Indore

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