ENSC 26A:

ENSC 26A:
FLUID MECHANICS
MODULES AND ACTIVITIES

BSEE 201-B

Instructor: Engr. Leandro Saavedra

FLUID MECHANICS
LIST OF MEMBERS

Marc Julius Ordonez Marvin Gagarin Jhon Albert Espela

Group Leader Group Member Group Member

Angelo Porcioncula Brian Estole Angelbertlie Sumilang Kyle Zyrel Esguerra

Group Member Group Member Group Member Group Member
FLUID MECHANICS
CONTRIBUTIONS

Marc Julius Ordonez Jhon Albert Espela Marc Julius Ordonez

Group Leader Group Member Group Leader
Created the PowerPoint Proofread the PowerPoint Answered Module 3
Answered Module 5 & 6 Answered Module 1 & 2

Marc Julius Ordonez Marc Julius Ordonez Marc Julius Ordonez Marc Julius Ordonez
Group Leader Group Leader Group Leader Group Leader
Answered Module 4 Answered Module 7 Answered Module 8 Answered Module 9

FLUID MECHANICS
MODULE 1

FLUID MECHANICS
 MECHANICS HAS TWO MAIN BRANCHES
• Fluid Mechanics- Is the science of the mechanics of liquids and gases.
Consequently, in the past,engineers turned to experiments, and from these
developed empirical formulasfrom hydraulics
• Hydraulics -Is defined as that branch of science which treats of water or other
fluid in motion. A prerequisite to the understanding of the motion of fluids,
however, isa knowledge of the pressure exerted by fluids at rest. This study,
calledhydrostatics, is usually included in hydraulic. The field of hydraulics
alsoincludes hydrodynamics, which relates to the forces exerted by or upon fluids
inmotion.

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FLUID MECHANICS
 FLUIDS
Fluids are substances capable of flowing, having particles which easily moveand change
their relative position without a separation of the mass. Fluids offerpractically no
resistance to change of form. They readily conform to the shape of the solid body with
which they come in contact.
Fluids may divide into liquids and gases. The principal differences between them are:
• A liquid has a free surface, and a given mass of a liquid occupies only a given volume
in a container, whereas a gas does not have a free surface, and a given mass occupies
all portions of any container regardless of its size.
• Liquids are practically incompressible and usually may be so considered without
introducing appreciable error. On the other hand, gases are compressible and usually
must be so treated.
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 UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER
Water has its maximum unit weight at a temperature of 4°C(39.2°F). At
this temperature pure water serves as a standard of specific gravity for all
substances. Under atmospheric pressure at sea level, water freezes at 32° and
boils at 212°F.The weight of pure water at its temperature of maximum density is
62.427 lb per cu. ft.
Mass Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 How to convert kg to Newton
100kg = 100(9.81) = 981N
Specific weight of water= 9810 N/m3 How to convert psi to kg/cm2
P = 14.7 psi
P = 14.7/2.2kg in2 ⁄
P = 14.7/2.2(2.54)(2.54)
P = 14.7/(0.07045)
P = 1.036 kg/cm2
7
Power
1 hp = 550 ft. lb⁄sec = 0.746 kw Velocity
1 mph = 1.467 fps
Pressure 1 knot = 1.69 fps
1 psi = 2.309 ft of water at 60°F
= 0.0703 kg/cm2
1 kg/cm2 = 14.225 psi Viscosity
1 poise = 100centipoises = 1 dyne sec/cm2
1 in. of mercury = 1.132 ft. of
= 0.00209 lb.sec/ft2
water
1lb.sec/ft2 = 478.7 centipoises
= 0.49 psi 1 stoke = 100 centistokes = 1 cm2⁄sec
1 atm = 14.7 psi 34 ft. of water = 0.001076 ft2⁄sec
1 ft2⁄sec = 929 stokes
= 30 inches of mercury

8
PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

I. Unit Pressure; p the intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid is the amount of
pressure per unit area.
P= F
A
II. Direction of Resultant of Pressure the resultant pressure on any plane in a fluid
at rest is normal to the plane.
III. Pascal’s Law at any point in a fluid at rest, the pressure is the same in all
direction.
IV. Free Surface of a Liquid a liquid having a free surface is one on whose surface
there is a absolutely no pressure.
9

FLUID MECHANICS
V. Atmospheric Pressure being a fluid composed of a mixture of gases.
Atsea level under normal conditions atmospheric pressure amount
to2116 lb/ft2 or 14.7 lb/in2 which is equivalent to 30 in of mercury
column.
VI. Pressure Head
h = P/w
h − represents the height of a column of homogeneous fluid of unit
weight w that will produce an intensity of pressure p.

10

FLUID MECHANICS
PROBLEM SET

11

FLUID MECHANICS
 PROBLEM 1
Determine the pressure on the face of a dam at a point 40 ft below
the water surface,

a) Pounds per square foot gage

b) Pounds per square inch gage
c) Pounds per square foot absolute
d) Pounds per square inch absolute

12

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
 a) p = wh  c) p = 2496 lb/ + 2116 lb /
p = (62.4 lb / )(40 ft) p = 4612 lb/
p = 2496 lb/
d) p = 17.33 + 14.7 = 32.03 lb/
b) p = (2496 lb/ ) ( )
p = 17.33 lb in2

13
 PROBLEM 2
Determine the pressure in a vessel of mercury (sp. gr. 13.6) at a point 8 in below
the surface,
a) pounds per square foot gage
b) pounds square inch gage
c) pounds per square foot absolute
d) pounds per square inch absolute.

14

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
 a) p = wh  c) p = 565.8 lb/ + 2116 lb/
p = (62.4 lb/ )(13.6) ( ) p = 2681.8 lb/
p = 565.8 lb/

b) p = (565.8 lb/ ) ( ) d) p = 3.93 lb + 14.7

p = 3.93 lb/ p = 18.6 lb/

15
 PROBLEM 3

What height of mercury column will cause a pressure of 100 lb sq in.? What is
the equivalent height of water column?

16

FLUID MECHANICS
 p
SOLUTION
= wh
h =pw
a) h =
h = 17 ft

b) h =
h = 230.8 ft

17
 PROBLEM 4

If the pressure in a tank of oil (sp gr 0.80) is 60 lb per sq in. What is the
equivalent head?
a) in feet of the oil
b) in feet of water
c) in inches of mercury?

18

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
 a.) h =
 c.) h =
h= h=
h = 10.18 ft
h = 173.07 ft h = 122.16 in

b.) h =
h = 138.5 ft

19
VARIATION OF PRESSURE WITH DEPTH IN A
FLUID
P1 − P2 = wh
Absolute pressure is
Pabs = wh + Pa
The corresponding gage pressure is
p = wh

20
 PROBLEM 5

The bottom of a river is 12 m below the water surface. Underneath which is silt
having a sp gr of 1.75 and a thickness "t". The pressure at the bottom of the silt
is 450 kPa. Determine the thickness of the silt.

21

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
 

450,000 − (9810)(12) = 1.75(9810)t

t = 450,000 − 9810(12)
t = 1.75(9810)
t = 19.36 meter

22
 TRANSMISSION OF PRESSURE
• point plus the pressure produced by a column of the liquid the height of which "h"
is equal to the difference in elevation between the two point.
• P1 = P2 + Wh

23
 ACTIVITY 1
In the figure below, the areas of the plunger A and cylinder B are 7 in2
and 750 in2 respectively. A weigh 30 lb and B 10,500 lb the vessel and
the connecting passages are filled with oil of specific gravity 0.70. What
force p is required for equilibrium?

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FLUID MECHANICS
 
SOLUTION
 Σ
+

62.4 lb/ )(0.7) (15ft)]

)(7 )

=
FOR EQUILIBRIUM
ΣF= 0
-P – W + = 0
-P – 30lb + 66.15 lb = 0
P= 66.15 lb – 30 lb
P= 36.15 lb

25
MODULE
MODULE 2
2

FLUID MECHANICS
 ACTIVITY 2
The piston at A has a cross-sectional area of 600 sq. cm. while that of B is 100sq. cm. The
difference in elevation between piston A and B is 2 m. If the intervening passages are
filled with oil having sp. gr. of 0.80, what force P isrequired to maintain equilibrium?

27

FLUID MECHANICS
 
SOLUTION = (6.51 kg/ )(100 )
 Σ=0 = 650.996 kg
= 651 kg
=0
- [ (1000kg/ )(0.80)(2)]
- [ 1600 kg/ x
  6.67 kg/cm2 - 0.16
= 6.51

  FOR EQUILIBRIUM

P=
P= 217 kg or 2128.77 N

28
 ACTIVITY 3
A building in Makati is 84.5 m. high
above the street level. The requires
static pressure of the water line at
the top of the building is 2.50
kilogram per square centimeters.
What must be the pressure in kN/m2
in the main water line located 4.75
meters below the street level?

29

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION

  𝑃 = 2.50 𝐾𝑔 9.81 𝑁 𝑥 ¿ ¿
1 2
𝑐𝑚 1 𝑘𝑔

 =

+ (9,810 )(89.25m) x

+ 875.54

= 1,120.7925

30
 VAPOR PRESSURE
Whenever the free surface of a liquid is exposed to the
atmosphere, evaporation is continually taking place. The surface is in
contact with an enclosed space, evaporation takes place only until the
space becomes saturated with vapor. This vapor produces a pressure,
the amount of which depends only upon the temperature and is
entirely independent of the presence or absence of air or other gas
within the enclosed space. The pressure exerted by a vapor within a
closed space is called vapor pressure.

31

FLUID MECHANICS
 PROBLEM 1
A cylindrical glass tubing 1.125 inches
inside diameter and 36 inches long with
one end closed is immersed vertically, with
the open end down, into a tank of cleaning
solvent (specific gravity = 0.73) until only
2 inches of its length remain above the
liquid surface. If the barometric pressure is
14.3 psi and neglecting vapor pressure,
how high will the fluid rise in the tube?

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FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
   Use Boyles Law

= + wh (14.3)(35.785)=(15.1960.0264h)(35.784−0.994h)
= 14.3 + (0.73) (62.4 )(34 − h) 511.73 = (−0.0264h + 15.196)(−0.994h + 35.784)
P2 = 14.3 ⁄+ 0.0264 ⁄ (34 − h) 511.73 = 0.026− 15.11h
P2 = 14.3 + 0.896 − 0.0264h −0.95h + 543.77
P2 = 15.196 − 0.0264h 511.73 = 0.026 − 16.06h + 543.77

BOYLE’S LAW 0.026 = 16.06h + 543.77 − 511.73

V=   Combining Boyles and Charles
PV = c Laws
0.026 − 16.06h + 32.04
= → → PV = MRT
Charles Law = initial volume= (36)
= = 35.785
= − h)
1.23” ”

33
 MEASURING PRESSURE
A. MANOMETER – is a tube, usually bent in the form of aV , containing a
liquid known as specific gravity, the surface of which moves
proportionally to change of pressure.
Types of Manometer
a) Open type – with an atmospheric surface in one leg and capable of
measuring gage pressure.
b) Differential type – without an atmospheric surface and capable of
measuring only differences of pressure.

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35
 MEASURING PRESSURE
B. PRESSURE GAGE – is a device for measuring gage
pressure.Themovement in one type of pressure gage, known as the single to be
gage,the fluid enters the tube though the threaded connection.

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 ACTIVITY 4
In a manometer shown, the fluid from A to B is mercury (sp. gr. = 13.6) and from
B to C, the fluid is oil (sp. gr. = 0.80). At what height, h, of mercury will give a
pressure of 226.30 grams/cm2 at C. Use density of water of 1.0 grams per cu.cm.

37

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
 

= (13.6)(1 )

= 13.6g + 96 g /

13.6g = - 96 g /
h=
h= 9.58 cm

38
MODULE
MODULE 3
3

FLUID MECHANICS
 ACTIVITY 5
In figure, find the pressure at m
when:
a) Fluid A is water, fluid B is
carbon tetrachloride (sp gr
1.60),
z = 22 in, y =12 in.
b) Fluid A is oil (sp gr 0.915),
B is water, z = 8.5 in, y = 42 in.

40

FLUID MECHANICS
 A.
SOLUTION

= 120.64

B.

= - 155.64

41
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON SURFACES

Total Pressure on Plane Surfaces

The total hydrostatic pressure on any plane surface is equal to the product of the
area of the surface and the unit pressure at its center of gravity.
Center of Pressure on Plane Surfaces
Any plane surface subjected tohydrostatic pressure is acted upon by an infinite
number of parallel forces themagnitudes of which vary with the depth, below the
free surface, of the variousinfinitesimal areas on which the respective forces act.
These parallel forces maybe replaced by a single resultant force P. the point on
the surface at which thisresultant force acts is called the center of pressure.

42

FLUID MECHANICS
 43

FLUID MECHANICS
P = wh̅A

e – perpendicular distance between horizontal axes through center of

gravity and center of pressure and lying in plane of area.
Ig – moment of inertia of area with respect to the horizontal axis
through its, center of gravity and lying in its plane.
Ss – moment of area with respect to the line in which the area extended
cuts the surface of the liquid.
Is – moment of inertia of plane with respect to the water surface

44

FLUID MECHANICS
PROBLEM 1
A vertical gate 4 ft wide and 6 ft
high is subject to water pressure
under a head of water 10 ft above
the top of the gate. Compute the
total pressure on the gate and the
location of the center of pressure.

45

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
 P = wh̅A
P = 62.4(10 + 3)(6 × 4)
P = 19,468.8 lb
Ig =(4) = 72
Ss = Ah̅ = 24(13) = 312
e = = 0.23 ft
0.23 + 13 = 13.23 ft below the water surface

46
 ACTIVITY 6
A 3 ft square plane surface is to be placed
vertically below the water surface. The
immersion is such that the two edges of the
square are horizontal. If it is desired that the
center of pressure be 2 inches from the center
of gravity of the plane area, how far below the
water should the center of gravity of the
immersed plane surface be? In this position
what is the total pressure acting upon it?

47

FLUID MECHANICS
  SOLUTION
 P = wh̅A

P = 62.4 (4.5ft)(3f

P= 2527.2 lb
=

48
 ACTIVITY 7
A vertical rectangular sliding gate at
the bottom of the dam is 0.60 m wide
and 1.8 m high and exposed to water
pressure on one side corresponding
to a head of 15 m above its center.
Assuming the gate on stem to weight
2230 N and the coefficient of friction
of the gate on runners to be 0.25, find
the force necessary to raise its.

49

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
 TO FIND TENSION FORCE

 P = wh̅A
P = (9810 N / )(15m)(0.6m)(1.8m)
P = 158,922 N

4277.4 kg

50
 ACTIVITY 8
A vertical gate 1.6 m wide and 2.00 m high has water on one side and is inclined45°
with the horizontal. Water is 1.50 meters above the top of the gate.
a) Compute the pressure acting on the gate and its location.
b) If the gate is hinged at the top (B), what force is needed at the bottom (A)to open
the gate?

51

FLUID MECHANICS
 
A.)
SOLUTION
PRESSURE (P)  
B.)
P = wh̅A
P = (9810 N / )(2.21m)(1.6m)(2m)
P= 69,376.32 N
 
LOCATION (x)

e= 0.11

52
MODULE
MODULE 4
4

FLUID MECHANICS
 DAMS
A dam is a structure built across a stream for the following purposes:
1. to impound water during the rainy season.
2. to increase the head for development of waterpower.
3. to control the flow for flood protection.
4. to divert the flow into another stream or watershed.
5. to create a lake for recreation or other purposes.
6. other miscellaneous purposes.

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FLUID MECHANICS
Your Footer Here Date 55

FLUID MECHANICS
 FORCES ACTING ON DAMS:
1.Water Pressure. For non-overflow dams, the water pressure acts on theupstream
face. For overflow dams water pressure also acts on top and onthe downstream
face.
2. Weight of the Dam
3. Vertical Reaction of the Foundation
4. Horizontal Reaction of the Foundation.
5. Uplift on the Foundation. Due to the raised water level on the upstreamface
there is a tendency for the water to seep under the dam and escape atthe lower level
on the downstream side. It will exert a hydrostatic uplift on the dam.
6. Earthquake Forces. For dams, we must consider the earthquake effect onthe dam
as well as on the water itself.
7. Earth Pressure. The sand, silt, and gravel usually deposited on theupstream face
of the dam exert a certain amount of pressure.
8. Wind Pressure. Wind acting on the dam also exerts pressure, but usually this is
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FLUID MECHANICS
 FORCES ACTING ON DAMS:
• 9. Wave Action. Waves formed on the water surface add a very slight increase
• to the hydrostatic pressure on the dam.
• 10. Impact of Debris. Floating logs and debris exert pressure on the dam due
• to impact. (This pressure is usually neglected)
• 11.Bearing Pressure on Masonry. For high masonry dam the crushing of
• masonry at different sections, usually near the bottom, are considered in
• the design.

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FLUID MECHANICS
 STABILITY OF DAMS
The design of dams must fulfill certain conditions.
1. There must be no sliding on the base or on any horizontal plane above thebase.
2. There must be no overturning of the dam about the toe.
3. There must be no tension in the masonry are in the contact plane betweenthe dam
and its foundation.
4. There must be no crushing of the masonry or foundation.

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FLUID MECHANICS
 STABLITY AGAINST OVERTURNING
The hydrostatics pressure of the water on the upstream face and thy
hydrostatic uplift on the foundation tend to overturn the dam about the toe. These
forces give rise to an overturning moment. The weight of the dam and any
vertical component acting downward on the upstream face will cause a righting
moment.

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FLUID MECHANICS
 STABILITY AGAINST SLIDING

Stability Against Sliding. The horizontal component of the hydrostatic

pressure on the upstream face of the dam tends to cause the dam to slide on its
foundation. Resisted by the frictional force between the dam and its foundation.

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FLUID MECHANICS
PROBLEM SET

61

FLUID MECHANICS
 PROBLEM 9
A dam is triangular in cross-section with the upstream face
vertical, water is flush with the top. The dam is 8 meters high
and 6 meters wide at the base, and weight 2.4 tons per cubic
meter. The coefficient of friction between the base and the
foundation is 0.8.
Determine the following:

a. the maximum and minimum unit pressures on the foundation

b. the factors of safety against overturning and against sliding.
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FLUID MECHANICS
A. SOLUTION
 

Rd Uplift Pressure

  𝒕𝒐𝒏   𝒕𝒐𝒏
𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙 =𝟏𝟒 . 𝟐𝟏 𝒇𝒎𝒊𝒏 =𝟒 . 𝟗𝟗
𝒎 𝒎

63
 SOLUTION
B.

 FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST FACTORY OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING

OVERTURING

64
MODULE
MODULE 5
5

FLUID MECHANICS
 ACTIVITY 10.1
A 50 ft high, trapezoidal, masonry dam
is 1.525 m thick at the top and 10.976 m
at the bottom. Its upstream face has a
batter of 3.049m in 50ft.Assuming no
hydrostatic uplift with water up to the
top. Determine the resultant pressure in
pcf at the heel and the toe. Is the dam
safe against sliding if the coefficient of
friction is 0.60? Take masonry at 160
pcf.
66

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
 

67
 SOLUTION
 MB

68
 SOLUTION
   

69
ACTIVITY 10.2
Given the section of a
gravity dam on
impervious foundation as
shown in the figure,
determine the maximum
and minimum pressures
on the foundation.
70

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
 

71
SOLUTION
 

72
 SOLUTION
 
d

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 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Any body immersed in a fluid is subjected to an upward force called

buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. This force is
concentrated in the vertical line through the centroid of the displaced volume,
called the center of buoyancy.

74

FLUID MECHANICS
In applying Archimedes Principle, two precautions
must be observed:

• The buoyant force is merely the resultant of all vertical components of hydrostatic
pressure on the body; hence there must be portions of the surface of the immersed
body on which vertical components of hydrostatic pressure can act, otherwise
there can be no buoyant force.
• Archimedes principle applies directly to a body immersed in a homogeneous
fluid. However, if portions of the body are in different fluids, the vertical
components of hydrostatic pressures must be computed separately.

75

FLUID MECHANICS
ACTIVITY 11
In the figure, cube A is 12 inches
along each edge and weighs 100
lb. It is attached to the square
prism B which is 6 inches by 8 ft
and weighs 30 lb per cubic feet.
What length of B will project
above the liquid surface? Specific
gravity of liquid is 1.5.
76

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
 
 

77
MODULE
MODULE 6
6

FLUID MECHANICS
 FUNDAMENTAL OF FLUID FLOW
• A path line or streamline is the path followed by a particle in a flowing stream.
• A stream tube is a small bundle of path lines.
• Laminar flow occurs when the paths of the individual particles do not intersect.
• Turbulent flow occurs when the path lines are irregular curves which
continually cross each other forming a complex network of intersecting
path lines.

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FLUID MECHANICS
• Discharge is the volume of fluid passing a certain cross-section of a stream per
unit of time.
Q = the discharge
A = area of the crosssection
V = the mean velocity in the crosssection
then Q = AV
• Steady flow of any fluid occurs when the discharge Q passing a given
cross-section of a stream is constant with time. If Q varies with time, the flow is
unsteady.

80

FLUID MECHANICS
 • Uniform flow is said to occurs when the flow is steady in any length of a stream
and the average velocity at every cross-section of the stream is constant. In
streams where changes of cross-section and velocity occur, the flow is considered
to be non-uniform.
• Flow is continuous if, at any instant, the number of particles passing every cross-
section of the stream is the same. If between any two points of a stream, flow is
added or taken out through a distributary, the flow between the two points is not
continuous. Continuity for non-compressible fluids occurs when
Q = A1V1 = A2V2 = A3V3 = ...........
P1A1V1 = P2A2V2 = .........
w1A1V1 = w2A2V2 = .........

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FLUID MECHANICS
PROBLEM SET

82

FLUID MECHANICS
 ACTIVITY 12

The discharge of air through a 24in

pipe is 8600cfm. Compute the
mean
velocity in feet per second.
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FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION

1 𝑓𝑡
∅  =24 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑄=
12 𝑖𝑛   𝐴𝑉

  =𝟐 𝒇𝒕
∅   V
𝟐  𝒇𝒕 ∅
  V
  𝑓𝑡 3
𝑸=𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑚𝑖𝑛
  V

𝑽
  =𝟒𝟓 . 𝟔𝟐 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔𝒆𝒄

84
 ACTIVITY 13
The diameter of a 6ft
length of pipe decreases
uniformly from 18in to
6in. With a flow of 5cfs of
oil compute the mean
velocity at cross section 1ft
apart along the pipe. Plot
velocity as ordinate against
length as abscissa.
85

FLUID MECHANICS
SOLUTION
18
  𝑖𝑛 − 6 𝑖𝑛 = 18 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑥
6 𝑖𝑛 2

𝑿
  =𝟏𝟒 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔

2
  14 𝑖𝑛

5
𝑓𝑡 3
=
π ( 12 )𝑉
𝑠 4

𝑽
  =𝟒 . 𝟔𝟖 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔𝒆𝒄

86
 ACTIVITY 14

A pipeline consists of successive length of 15in, 12in,

and 10in pipe. With continuous flow through the line
of 9cfs of water compute the mean velocity in each
size of pipe.

87

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION

2
 π 1 2𝑖𝑛 𝑉
 π 15 𝑖𝑛 𝑉
( 12
2

) 3
( 12 ) 3
=9 𝑓𝑡 / 𝑠
 π 1 0𝑖𝑛
( 12
2

) 𝑉 =9 𝑓𝑡 / 𝑠
3
=9 𝑓𝑡 / 𝑠 4 4
4

𝑽
  =𝟕 .𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝑽
  =𝟏𝟏 . 𝟒𝟔 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝑽
  =𝟏𝟔 .𝟓 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔𝒆𝒄

88
 ACTIVITY 15
A city requires a flow of 25mgd for its water supply.
Compute the diameter of
pipe required if the velocity of flow is to be:
a) 2ft per sec
b) 6ft per sec

89

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
=  38.68

38.68
 

𝑫=𝟒
  . 𝟗𝟔 𝒇𝒕

38.68
 

𝑫=𝟐
  ,𝟖𝟔 𝒇𝒕

90
 FORMS OF ENERGY
The three forms of energy which must be considered in connection with the
flow of fluids are:
a. Kinetic Energy
b. Elevation Energy
c. Pressure Energy

91
 Kinetic Energy
is possessed by a liquid mass due to its velocity. The Kinetic
Energy of a unit weight of liquid mass is called velocity head.

Where V is the mean velocity of the stream.

92
 Elevation Energy
also called potential energy, is the capacity of a liquid mass to do work due to its
elevation or vertical distance above a selected datum or reference plane. The
elevation energy of a unit weight of liquid mass is called its elevation head.

Elevation Head = Z

93
 Pressure Energy
• is due to the pressure to which the flowing stream is subjected. It is measured by
the pressure head given by the formula:

Where
p = Unit Pressure and w = unit weight of the liquid

94
95
 • The total head, E, at any point in the flowing stream is

• Power is defined as the rate of doing work. For a given discharged, Q, with a total
head, E,
Power = QwE

Your Footer Here Date 96

• The equivalent horsepower is

  𝑄𝑊𝐸
𝐻𝑃=
550

where Q = discharged in cu.ft.sec

w = unit weight of the liquid in lb cu. ft.
E = total head in ft

97
 ACTIVITY 16
A fluid is flowing in a pipe 8in in diameter
with a mean velocity of 10ft per sec. The
pressure at the center of the pipe is 5lb per
sq in and the elevation of the pipe above
the assumed datum is 15ft. Compute the
total head in feet if the fluid is (a) water,
(b) oil (sp gr 0.80), (c) molasses (sp gr
1.50), (d) gas (w =0.040)

98

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
𝐴
  . ¿ 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟   C
+  z
+  z
+  15 ft
+  15 ft

𝑬=𝟐𝟒
  . 𝟐𝟒 𝒇𝒕
𝑬=𝟐𝟖
  . 𝟎𝟗 𝒇𝒕

  B   D
+  z +  z
+  15 ft +  15 ft

𝑬=𝟏𝟖
  , 𝟎𝟏𝟔 .𝟓𝟓 𝒇𝒕
𝑬=𝟑𝟎
  . 𝟗𝟖 𝒇𝒕

99
 ACTIVITY 17
A liquid (sp gr 2.0) is flowing in a 2in
pipe. The total energy at a given point is
found to be 24.5 ft lb per lb. The elevation
of the pipe above the datum is 10ft, and the
pressure in the is 9.5 lb per sq in. Compute
the velocity of flow and the horsepower in
the stream at that point.

100

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
+  z

  𝑄𝑊𝐸  
𝐻𝑃=
  𝑃 550
𝑉 = 𝐸−

 
√[ 𝑊 ]
− 𝑧 [2𝑔]
 
{[ π
2 2

( ) (15.1 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔𝒆𝒄   ) ] [ 2 ( 62.4 ) ] ( 24.5 𝑓𝑡 ) } 

12
9.5 𝑥 144
√[
𝑉 = 24.5 −
62.4 𝑥 2 ]
−10 [ 2 (32.2 ) ] 𝐻𝑃=

𝑯𝑷=𝟏 . 𝟖𝟑 𝑯𝒑
550

𝑽
  =𝟏𝟓 .𝟏 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔𝒆𝒄  

Your Footer Here Date 101

 ACTIVITY 18
The jet of water from a
nozzle discharging into air
has a diameter of 6 in and
a mean velocity of 120 ft
per sec. Compute the
velocity head and the
horsepower in the jet.

Your Footer Here Date 102

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
0 0
  𝑄𝑊𝐸  
+  z 𝐻𝑃=
550

2 2
  = ( 120 𝑓𝑡 / 𝑠𝑒𝑐 )   6 120 𝒇𝒕
𝐸
2(32 . 2)
𝐻𝑃=
{[ π( )(
12 𝒔𝒆𝒄   )](62 . 4) ( 223 . 6 𝑓𝑡 ) }  
550
𝐸=223
  . 6 𝑓𝑡

𝑯𝑷=𝟓𝟗𝟕
  . 𝟔𝟖 𝑯𝒑

103
MODULE
MODULE 7
7

FLUID MECHANICS
 FRICTION LOSS OF HEAD
A fluid in motion always requires energy to overcome the resistance to
flow. Thisresistance occurs in the stream itself due to sliding friction and the
mechanicalimpact between practices or group of practices. With viscous fluids
and lowvelocity, the loss of head is due mostly to sliding friction, while for fluids
withlow viscosity or increased velocity, the loss is due mainly to impact among
thepractices. The loss of energy resulting from frictional resistance is express as
aloss of head, HL

105

FLUID MECHANICS
 BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
Basically, this theorem is the Conservation of Energy Principle in Physically
applied to fluid flow. Neglecting friction, the total amount of energy per unit
weight of a flowing liquid is the same at every point in the path of flow. For
friction flow, Bernoulli’s Theorem may be expressed in terms of energy head as
flows, for any two distinct points 1 and 2 in the stream:

106

FLUID MECHANICS
A more general form of Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem which includes the addition
energy Hu supplied to the stream, say by a pump, energy extracted HE, say by a
tribute, and head loss due to friction and other causes HL , is as follow:

107

FLUID MECHANICS
PROBLEM SET

108

FLUID MECHANICS
 ACTIVITY 19
A 12in pipe is connected by a reducer to a 4 in pipe see in the
figure below. Points 1 and 2 are at the same elevation. The pressure
at 1 is 30lb per sq in. q =1 cfs flowing from 1 to 2, and the energy
lost between 1 and 2 is equivalent to 3lb per sq in. Compute the
pressure at 2 if the liquid is (a) water, (b) oil(sp gr 0.80), (c)
molasses (sp gr 1.50)

109

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
=
  ==
===

 𝑽 𝑷𝟏
𝟐
𝑽
𝟐
𝑷𝟐
+ + 𝒛 𝟏= + + 𝒛 𝟐+ 𝑯 𝑬
𝟐𝒈 𝒘 𝟐𝒈 𝒘
2 2
 ( 1.27 ) + ( 30 𝑥 144 ) +0= ( 11.46 ) + (− 6 𝑥 144 ) +0+3(144)
2 ( 32.2 ) 62.4 2(32.2) 62 / 4

 𝒑𝟐=−𝟐𝟐 ,𝟕𝟔𝟑 . 𝟎𝟏𝒍𝒃 /𝒇𝒕 𝟐

110
 ACTIVITY 20

In figure of Activity 19, with 0.5 cfs of water

flowing from 1 to 2, the pressure at 1 is 15 lb per sq
in and at 2 is 10 lb per sq in. Compute the loss of
head between 1 and 2.

111

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
Q=
  =
Q=0.5 /s
0.5 /s= = = 0.64ft/s
0.5 /s= = = 5.73ft/s

 𝑽 𝑷𝟏
𝟐
𝑽
𝟐
𝑷𝟐
+ + 𝒛 𝟏= + + 𝒛 𝟐+ 𝑯 𝑳
𝟐𝒈 𝒘 𝟐𝒈 𝒘
2 2
  ( 15 𝑙𝑏 /𝑖𝑛 ) 12 𝑖𝑛 ) ] = (5 . 73 ) ( 1 0 𝑙𝑏 /𝑖𝑛 ) 12 𝑖𝑛 ) ]+𝐻
( 0 . 64 ) 2
+
[ 2
(1 𝑓𝑡 2
+
[ 2
( 1 𝑓𝑡
𝐿
2 ( 32 . 2 ) 62 . 4 2 (32 . 2 ) 62 / 4
𝐻
  𝐿 =11 . 03 𝑓𝑡

112
ACTIVITY 21

A 2 in pipeline leads
downhill from a reservoir
and discharges into air. If
the loss of head between A
and B is 145ft, compute
the discharge.

113

FLUID MECHANICS
SOLUTION
 ++
++
=17.94

 = (17.94)
=0.39 /s

114
 ACTIVITY 22
A 2.5 in fire hose discharged
a 1.25 in jet. If the head lost in
the nozzle is 6 ft,what gage
pressure must be maintained at
the base of the nozzle to throw a
stream to a vertical height of
100ft, neglecting air resistance?

115

FLUID MECHANICS
𝑉 2 2
SOLUTION
  𝑓 =𝑉 𝑜 ±2 𝑔𝐻 𝑷𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝑷𝟐
 𝑽 𝑽
0
+ + 𝒛 𝟏= + + 𝒛 𝟐+ 𝑯 𝑳
  𝟐𝒈 𝒘 𝟐𝒈 𝒘
𝑽
  𝟎 =𝟖𝟎 . 𝟐𝟓 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔𝒆𝒄 2
  ( 20.063 ) 𝑷𝟏 ( 80.25 ) 2
+ = ++6
2 ( 32.2 ) 𝒘 2 ( 32.2)

𝐴
  1 𝑉 1= 𝐴 2 𝑉 2  =99.75 𝑃
  1= 6224.4 𝑙𝑏 / 𝑓𝑡 3
2 2
 π 25 1. 25
(12) 𝑉 1=
π (12 ) ( 80.25 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔𝒆𝒄   )
4 4

  = 20.063

116
MODULE
MODULE 8
8

FLUID MECHANICS
PROBLEM SET

118

FLUID MECHANICS
 ACTIVITY 23
A water pump at elevation 46 m. is used to
bring up 250 gpm of water from a river
(elev. 45 meter) to a reservoir at elevation
100 m. If the suction pipe from the river to
the pump is 8 in. in diameter with a head
loss of 4 times its velocity head and the
discharge pipe from the pump to the
reservoir is 6 in. in diameter with a head
loss of 25 time its velocity head, determine
the output of the pump in horsepower.

119

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
 Q = 250  =(100-45) + 4() + 25()
Q= 0.557 = 183.69ft
==
=11.61 Hp
= =[]=1.596ft/s
= =[] =2.84ft/s

120
 ACTIVITY 24
During a flow of 15 cfs the gage
pressure is +10 psi. in the
horizontal 12 in. supply line of a
water turbine, and – 6psi. at an
18 in. section of the draft tube 5
ft. below. Assuming an efficiency
of 85 %, compute the
horsepower output of the turbine.

121

FLUID MECHANICS
Your Footer Here Date 122

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
  𝑝= 𝑄𝑊𝐸
𝐻
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛
  : 𝑉  1  = 
𝑄 𝑄 550
𝑉  2  = 
𝐴 𝐴
𝑄=15
  𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠   𝑝= (15)(62.4 )( 46.47)
( 15  𝑓𝑡 3 / 𝑠 ) 3
( 15  𝑓𝑡 / 𝑠 ) 𝐻
𝑃 2   1 =
𝑉   2 = 550
  1  = 10 lb /  𝑖𝑛 𝑉
([ π4 ) (1 ) 2 ] ([ π4 )( 18
12 ) ]
2
  =-6lb / 𝐻
  𝑝=79.08 𝐻 𝑝
𝑽
  𝟏  =  𝟏𝟗 .𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔 𝑽
  𝟐  =  𝟖 . 𝟒𝟗 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔

 𝑽 𝑷𝟏
𝟐
𝑽
𝟐
𝑷𝟐  𝑨𝒕 𝟖𝟓%  𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
+ + 𝒛 𝟏= + + 𝒛 𝟐+ 𝑯 𝑬
𝟐𝒈 𝒘 𝟐𝒈 𝒘   x
2 2
 (19.10 ) + (10 𝑥 144 ) +5= ( 8.49 ) + (− 6 𝑥 144 ) +0+ 𝐻
2 ( 32.2 ) 62.4 2(32.2) 62.4 𝐸
𝑯
  𝒑=𝟔𝟕 . 𝟐𝟐 𝑯 𝒑
𝑯
  𝑬 =𝟒𝟔 . 𝟒𝟕

123
MODULE
MODULE 9
9

FLUID MECHANICS
 FLUID FLOW IN PIPES
➢ A pipe is any closed conduit, usually circular in cross-section, through which
liquid or gases flow.
➢ The conduit is completely filled with the fluid; otherwise, the conduit is
considered to be an open channel.
➢ Flow of fluids in pipes is either laminar or turbulent.

125

FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid Flow – is dependent upon many factors
such as the force of gravity,viscosity of the
fluid, surface tension, and elasticity.

126

FLUID MECHANICS
 REYNOLD’S NUMBER
Effect of gravitational and viscous forces on fluid flow.

D – pipe internal diameter in feet

V – mean velocity in feet per second
⍴- mass density in slugs per cu. ft.
μ – dynamic viscosity in lb.sec/sq.ft
ѵ – kinematic viscosity in sq.ft/sec.
127

FLUID MECHANICS
 REYNOLD’S NUMBER
➢ In the metric system, D is in centimeters, V in cm./sec and ѵ in sq. cm. per
second (stoke).

➢ For values of NR less than 2000 flow is certain to be laminar, between

2000 and 3000 the flow is unstable and may be either laminar or turbulent
or may alternate from one to the other, above 3000 flow is predominantly
turbulent.

128

FLUID MECHANICS
 LOSS OF HEAD
In any flow of fluid through a pipe, loss of energy occurs. The loss is caused by
1. pipe friction along the straight sections of the pipe with uniform diameter
and roughness; and
2. changes in velocity and direction of flow.

129
 LOSSES

Major Loss: This is a continuous loss due to friction between the pipe wall and the
fluid and is assumed to occur at a uniform rate along the pipe as long as the size and
quality of the pipe remain constant. This loss is denoted by hf..
Minor Losses: A loss of head, hc, due to decrease in cross-section, caused by a
reduction in the cross-sectional area of the fluid stream and the resulting
increase in velocity. A loss of head, he, due to enlargement of cross-section,
caused by an increase in the cross-sectional area of the fluid stream and the
resulting decrease in velocity.

130
 LOSSES

3. A loss of head, hg, due to obstructions in the pipe such as gated or valves which
produce a change in cross-sectional area in the pipe.
4. A loss of head, hb, caused by bends or curves in the pipe.
➢ The total loss of head in a pipe, denoted by HL, is therefore

HL = hf + hc + he + hg + hb

131
 LOSS OF HEAD FORMULAS
A – cross-sectional area of pipe P – wetted perimeter
D – pipe diameter Q – discharge
f – friction factor in the Darcy- R – hydraulic radius = A/P
Weisbach formula S – hydraulic slope = hf /L
hf - loss of head in length L V – mean velocity of the fluid in the
Hf – loss of head per 1,000 ft.
pipe
Cw – coefficient in the Hazen-
L – length of pipe
Williams formula
n – roughness coefficient in Manning’s
Cs – coefficient in the Scobey
formula
formula for concrete pipe
132
1. Darcy-Weisbach Formula: 3. Hazen-Williams Formula:

2. Manning Formula:

and

133
 Formulas for the Friction Factor f.
• For laminar flow,

134
PROBLEM SET

135

FLUID MECHANICS
 ACTIVITY 25
A pipe has a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 80
meter. A liquid having a kinematic viscosity of 4 × 10−5
m2/sec flowing thru the pipe at a velocity of 3 m/sec.

a) Compute the Reynold’s Number.

b) Compute the friction factor (f).
c) Compute the head loss of pipe.

136

FLUID MECHANICS
 Given:
Ø=20 𝑚𝑚
SOLUTION
 
B.) 64
𝑙=80 𝑚 𝑓  =
  𝑁𝑅
𝑣  =4 𝑥 10− 5 𝑚2 /s
  =
A.)
  = 𝐷𝑉𝑝 𝐷𝑉 𝒇  =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟒𝟑
𝑁𝑅 =
𝑚 𝑣
  1𝑚

𝑁𝑅 =
(
[ 20 𝑥
1000 𝑚 )
( 3 𝑚 / 𝑠)

4 𝑥 10− 5 𝑚 2 /𝑠 ] C.)  
h 𝑓 =𝑓
𝑙 𝑣2
𝑑 2𝑔
(3 𝑚𝑠 )2
𝑵𝑹
  =𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎
 
h 𝑓 =(0 .043)
[ 80 𝑚
( 0 .5 𝑓𝑡 ) ] [ 2 ( 9 .81 𝑚 / 𝑠 ) ]
𝒉  𝒇 =𝟕𝟖 . 𝟗𝟎 𝒎

Your Footer Here Date 137

 PROBLEM 26

A new cast-iron pipe 1200 ft long and 6 in.

in diameter carries 1.5 cfs of water.
Determine the frictional loss of head.

Your Footer Here Date 138

FLUID MECHANICS
 SOLUTION
Given:
 
𝑄=
  𝐴𝑉
  1.5
Hf 𝑽
  =𝟕 . 𝟔𝟒 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔𝒆𝒄

  𝑙 𝑣2
h 𝑓 =𝑓
𝑑 2𝑔
  (7.64 𝑓𝑡𝑠 ) 2
h 𝑓 =(0.023)
[ 1200 𝑓𝑡
( 0.5 𝑓𝑡 ) ] [ 2 ( 32.2 ) ]
𝒉  𝒇 =𝟓𝟎 . 𝟎𝟑 𝒇𝒕

Your Footer Here Date 139

 PROBLEM 27

What volume of flow will pass a 6 inches new

cast iron pipe with a head loss of 6 ft. per 1,000
ft? What will be the corresponding head loss if
the discharge is 1 cfs and f = 0.025?

Your Footer Here Date 140

FLUID MECHANICS
 Given SOLUTION
  : A.
  𝑙 𝑣2 B.
𝑉  =
𝑄
h 𝑓 =𝑓 𝐴
𝑑 2𝑔
3
1000 𝑓𝑡 𝑣
2
 𝑉 = 9 𝑓𝑡 / 𝑠
6  𝑓𝑡=(0.025)
[
( 0.5 𝑓𝑡 ) ][ 2 ( 32.2 ) ] π (0.25)
2

𝑽
  =𝟐 .𝟕𝟖 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝑉
  =5.09 𝑓𝑡 / 𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑄=
  𝐴𝑉
  𝑙 𝑣2
  𝑄= ¿ 𝐻 𝑓 =𝑓
𝑑 2𝑔
𝑄=
  0.55 𝑓𝑡 3 / 𝑠𝑒𝑐   (5.09 𝑓𝑡𝑠 ) 2
𝐻𝑓 =(0.025)
[ 1000 𝑓𝑡
( 0.5 𝑓𝑡 ) ] [ 2 ( 32.2 ) ]
𝑯
  𝒇 =𝟐𝟎 . 𝟏𝟏𝒇𝒕

Your Footer Here Date 141

MODULE 9
MODULE 10

FLUID MECHANICS
 PROBLEM 28
A pipeline, 6 ft. in diameter and 30,000 ft
long supplies 8 nozzles with water from a
reservoir whose level is 700 ft. above the
nozzles, each with an opening 4 in. in diameter
and a coefficient of discharge and velocity of
0.92. assuming f = 0.018,find the aggregate
horsepower available in the jets.
Your Footer Here Date 143

FLUID MECHANICS
 Given SOLUTION
  :   𝒍 𝒗𝟐
 𝑽 + 𝑷𝟏 + 𝒛 𝟏= 𝑽 + 𝑷 𝟐 + 𝒛 𝟐+ 𝑯 𝑬
𝟐 𝟐
𝒉 𝒇 =𝒇
𝒅 𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝒘 𝟐𝒈 𝒘
( 0.35 𝑄 )2 2
𝒉  𝒇 =(0.0 18)
[ 30 ,000 𝑓𝑡
( 6 𝑓𝑡 ) ][ 2 ( 32.2 ) ]  𝑧= 𝑉
2𝑔
+𝐻𝑓 +𝐻𝑐

2
8 ( 1.43 𝑄 )
𝒉  𝒇 =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕 𝑸 𝟐  
700 𝑓𝑡 =
2
+ 0.0046 𝑄 +0.0017 𝑄
2

2 ( 32.2 )

𝑸= 𝟒𝟖 .𝟏𝟕 𝒇𝒕 𝟑 / 𝒔
𝑄 𝑄  
𝑉  1= 𝑉  2=
𝟐
𝟏 𝒗

  1= 𝑄
𝐴 𝐴
𝑄
  𝒄=
𝒉
[ 𝒄 𝟐𝒗
−𝟏
][ ] 𝟐𝒈
(𝟖)

𝑉   2=
𝑉 ( 𝟏 . 𝟒𝟑𝑸 )𝟐
 

𝑽
π (3)
2
8 π (3)
2
𝒉 𝒄=
[𝟏
( 𝟎 . 𝟗𝟐 )𝟐
−𝟏
][ 𝟐 ( 𝟑𝟐 . 𝟐 )
( 𝟖)
]
  𝟏=𝟎 .𝟑𝟓 𝑸 𝑽
  𝟐=𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 𝑸 𝒉  𝒄=𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟔 𝑸 𝟐

Your Footer Here Date 144

 SOLUTION
𝟐
 𝑬 = 𝑽 +
𝑷❑
+ 𝒛❑   =
𝟐 𝒈 𝒘
  𝑬= 𝟏 . 𝟒𝟑 𝑸   =
𝟐 ( 𝟑𝟐 . 𝟐 )
𝟑
 𝑬 = 𝟏 . 𝟒𝟑 ( 𝟒𝟖 . 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟖 . 𝟏𝟕 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔   )
𝟐 (𝟑𝟐 . 𝟐)   =

  𝑬 =𝟕𝟑 . 𝟔𝟖 𝒇𝒕

Your Footer Here Date 146

 PROBLEM 28
A farmer pipes his house for water taking his
supply from a point 500 ft. away and 50 ft.
above the point of delivery. One-half the
distance he laid 1-inch pipe (f = 0.055) and the
other half 3⁄4 in pipe (f = 0.060) both pipes
being rough pipe, omitting minor losses, what
discharge in gallons per minute could he expect
a delivery end. 147

FLUID MECHANICS
 Given SOLUTION
  :
 𝑽 + 𝑷𝟏 + 𝒛 𝟏= 𝑽 + 𝑷 𝟐 + 𝒛 𝟐+ 𝑯 𝒍
𝟐 𝟐

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝒘 𝟐𝒈 𝒘
 𝑳 𝑻 = √ 𝑳 𝟏 + 𝑳 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 + 
 𝑳𝑻 = √ ( 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒇𝒕 ) + ( 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒇𝒕 )
  𝑳 𝑻 = 𝟐𝟓𝟏 . 𝟐𝟓 𝒇𝒕  

 𝑽 𝟐=𝟑 . 𝟑𝟎𝟒 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔
  𝒍 𝒗𝟐   𝒍 𝒗𝟐
𝒉 𝒇 𝟏=𝒇 𝒉 𝒇 𝟏=𝒇
𝑸= 𝑨 𝟏 𝑽 = 𝑨 𝟐 𝑽 𝟐𝒅 𝟐 𝒈 𝒅 𝟐𝒈 𝑸= 𝑨 𝑽
𝟏
2   2
𝟐
2
𝟐
251 . 25 𝑓𝑡 𝑉
𝑽 =
𝒉  𝒇 𝟏=(0𝟐
𝑨𝟐𝑽 . 055)
1
[( [] ]
2𝑔
𝒉  𝒇 𝟏=(0 . 055)
251 . 25 𝑓𝑡

[( 1
𝑉
[] ]
2𝑔   π ( 0 . 75 𝑖𝑛
12 )
𝟏
𝑨𝟏 𝑓𝑡
12 ) 12 )
𝑓𝑡 𝑸=
𝟒
( 𝟑 . 𝟑𝟎𝟒 𝒇𝒕 / 𝒔   )
𝑽 𝟏 = 𝟎 . 𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝑽 𝟐 2 2
 𝒉 𝒇 𝟏=𝟏𝟔𝟓 .𝟖𝟑 𝑉
[ ]
𝟑
 𝒉 𝒇 𝟏=𝟐𝟒𝟏 .𝟐 𝑉
2𝑔 [ ] 2𝑔
  𝑸 = 𝟎 . 𝟏𝟎 𝒇𝒕 /𝒔

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 THANK YOU!
BSEE 201-B

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