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General Physics I

The document discusses the fundamentals of physics including that it is the science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy, and deals with the structure of matter and interactions between constituents of the observable universe. It notes that mathematics is the language of physics and introduces measurement as a process of obtaining the magnitude of a physical quantity using a device or tool. The document also distinguishes between fundamental and derived physical quantities and different systems of units.

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Andrea Camille Garcia
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33 views34 pages

General Physics I

The document discusses the fundamentals of physics including that it is the science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy, and deals with the structure of matter and interactions between constituents of the observable universe. It notes that mathematics is the language of physics and introduces measurement as a process of obtaining the magnitude of a physical quantity using a device or tool. The document also distinguishes between fundamental and derived physical quantities and different systems of units.

Uploaded by

Andrea Camille Garcia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

GENERAL PHYSICS I
PHYSICS 1
 branchof Science concerned with the nature and
properties of matter and energy.

 deals
with the structure of matter and the interactions
between the fundamental constituents of the observable
universe.

 study
of energy and matter in space and time and
how they are related to each other.
1

GENERAL PHYSICS I
Mechanics & Heat
How to UNDERSTAND Physics? 1

Mathematics is the language of


Physics.
1

“MATHEMATICS is the language


in which God has written the
universe”

-Galilei
Lesson #1: MEASUREMENT 1
Objective:

 Solve measurement problems involving conversion


of units, expression of measurements in scientific
notation (STEM_GP12EU-Ia-1)
Measurement 1

a process of using a device or tool to obtain the


magnitude of a certain physical quantity or
phenomena.

 theprocess of comparing an unknown quantity


with a known fixed quantity of the same kind.
Physical Quantity 1
 isa quantifiable or assignable property ascribed to
a particular phenomenon, body, or substance.

 can be a fundamental or derived.


Physical Quantity 1
Fundamental Derived
 basequantities which  quantities that are
cannot be expressed in calculated from two or
terms of any other more fundamental physical
physical quantities quantities.

 can be measured directly  cannot be measured


directly
Fundamental (7 ONLY) Derived 1
 Length  Area  Pressure
 Mass  Volume  Work
 Time  Density  Power
 Temperature  Speed  Momentum
 Electric Current  Acceleration  Torque
 Luminous Intensity  Velocity  Energy
 Amount of Substance  Force
How to express Measurement? 1
 Magnitude

- refers to the number and unit obtained from measurement.

 Unit

- refers to a physical quantity that can be expressed as


standard or non standard.
System of Units 1
 a collection of units of measurement and rules
relating them to each other.
Systems of Units 1
 SI System (International System of Units)
- established by the International Committee on Weights and
Measures.
- based on strict definitions and are the ONLY OFFICIAL units
for physical quantities.

 English System (British Imperial System and US Customary System)


- older units still in common use by the United States and other
countries.
Example 1
Quantity SI Unit British/USCS Unit

 Length  meter  foot, mile, yard


 Mass  gram  Slug, pound
 Time  second  second
 Temperature  Kelvin  fahrenheit, celsius
 Force  newton  pound
Accuracy and Precision 1
 Accuracy

-refers to how close a measurement is to the true


or accepted value.

 Precision

- refers to how close measurements of the same


item are to each other.
Sources of Errors in Measurement 1
 instrumental

 environmental

 procedural

 human
Errors in Measurement 1
 Systematic Error – due to identified causes & can
be eliminated.

 Random Error – wholly due to chance & can be


minimized but not eliminated.

0 1 2

 Blunders – an outright mistake.


Conversion 1
 a change between different units of measurement
for the same quantity.
Procedure for Converting Units 1
1. Write down quantity to be converted.
2. Define each unit in terms of desired unit.
3. For each definition, form two conversion factors,
one being the reciprocal of the other.
4. Multiply the quantity to be converted by those
factors that will cancel all but the desired units.
Example 1: Convert 12 in. to centimeters 1
given that 1 in. = 2.54 cm.
Step 1: Write down quantity
to be converted. 12 in.

Step 2. Define each unit in


terms of desired unit. 1 in. = 2.54 cm

Step 3. For each definition, 1 in.


form two conversion factors, 2.54 cm
one being the reciprocal of
2.54 cm
the other.
1 in
Step 4. Multiply by those factors that will
1
cancel all but the desired units. Treat unit
symbols algebraically.

 1 in.  in.2 Wrong


12 in.    4.72
 2.54 cm  cm Choice!

 2.54 cm  Correct
12 in.    30.5 cm
 1 in.  Answer!
Example 2: Convert 60 mi/h to units of ft/s given 1
1 mi. = 5280 ft and 1 h = 3600 s.
Step 1: Write down quantity mi
to be converted.
60
h

Note: Write units so that numerators and


denominators of fractions are clear.
Step 2. Define each unit in terms of desired units.
1 mi. = 5280 ft
1 h = 3600 s
Step 3. For each definition, form 2 conversion 1
factors, one being the reciprocal of the other.

1 mi 5280 ft
1 mi = 5280 ft or
5280 ft 1 mi

1h 3600 s
1 h = 3600 s or
3600 s 1h
Step 3, shown here for clarity, can really be done
mentally and need not be written down.
Step 4. Choose Factors to cancel non-desired 1
units.

mi  5280 ft   1 h 
60     88.0 m/s
h  1 mi   3600 s 

Treating unit conversions algebraically helps to see if a definition


is to be used as a multiplier or as a divider.
Example 3: Convert 12 in2 to cm2 given that 1 in. = 1
2.54 cm.
Step 1: Write down quantity
to be converted. 12 in.

Step 2. Define each unit in


terms of desired unit. 1 in. = 2.54 cm

Step 3. For each definition, 1 in.


form two conversion factors, 2.54 cm
one being the reciprocal of
2.54 cm
the other.
1 in
Step 4. Multiply by those factors that will
1
cancel all but the desired units. Treat unit
symbols algebraically.

2
2 2.54 cm 
12 in.    30.5
77.4cm
cm2
 1 in. 
Prefixes and Scientific Notation 1
 Prefixes are useful for expressing units of physical
quantities that are either very large or very small.

 Scientificnotation provides a short-hand method


for expressing very large or very small numbers.
1
Uncertainties of Measurements 1
All measurements are assumed to be approximate
with the last digit estimated.

The length in
“cm” here is
0 1 2 written as:
1.43 cm

The last digit “3” is estimated as 0.3 of the


interval between 4 and 5.
1
Length = 1.43 cm 0 1 2

The last digit is estimated, but is significant. It tells us the actual


length is between 1.40 cm and 1.50. It would not be possible to
estimate yet another digit, such as 1.436.

This measurement of length can be given in three


significant digits—the last is estimated.
How many significant digits do the 1
following magnitudes have? Justify your
answer.
1. 33.2 seconds
2. 2051 inches
3. 0. 54 milligrams
4. 92.00 kelvin
5. 540. amperes
6. 230 volts
Example 4: Express 1200 grams into another SI unit 1
a. using prefix with 3 significant digits
b. using scientific notation with 4
significant digits

Possible answer for a 1.20 kilogram (kg)

Possible answer for b 1.200 X 103 grams


Example 5: The length of a sheet of metal is measured as 1
233.3 mm and the width is 9.3 mm.
a. Rewrite this measurements (following the number of its
significant digits) in terms of ft.
b. Find the perimeter (2L+2W) of the metal in ft .
Express your answer in 2 significant digits.

Possible answer for a 0.7654 ft. or 7.654 10-1 ft.


3.0 10-2 ft.

Possible answer for b 1.5 ft.


ACTIVITY #1 1

Accomplish the “ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES”


part of your module (Include COMPLETE
SOLUTION if needed).
*Exclude number 6

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