ME413 - Unit IV

Electronic
Cooling in
micro-channels

Industrial
heat
Applications Automobile
radiators
exchangers of Nanofluids

Made by-

Building Ahmad Faraz Badar 16MEB109

thermal
management
Abdul Hannan Faruqi 16MEB170
Asif Muslim 16MEB174
Mohd. Rashid Siddiqui 16MEB258 1
Why Nanofluids?
● The nanoparticles, by virtue of their smaller size, possess more surface area
than the bulk material, which enables them to absorb and dissipate heat at a
faster rate.

● Nanofluids consisting of nano-size particles of TiO 2, Al2O3, SiO2, CuO, Fe2O3,

etc., suspended in the coolant, can be used in the radiator of automobiles to
improve cooling efficiency.

Adel Salem Ph. D.Abdelrahman Ibrahim El-DiastyAbdelrahman Ibrahim El-Diasty

2
Classification of Nanofluids

W Rashmi, M Khalid, S S Ong and R Saidur

3
Electronic Cooling in Micro-
channels

4
 Introduction
● Cooling of electronic devices is one of
the main challenges of new
generation technology. Extreme
miniaturization has many benefits, but
the heat dissipated per unit of surface
increases in an uncontrolled way.
● Today, localised heat dissipation from advanced microprocessors has already
exceeded 100 W/cm2. This is where conventional cooling methods fail and the
need for robust mechanisms is felt. Application of nanofluids for cooling is offering
promising results and can give a significant impulse to the further miniaturization
of electronic devices. Experimental studies have been reported by D.Faulkner [9]
of handling high heat fluxes (up to 500 W/cm2) using nanofluids. 5
Nanoparticle Materials Used in Electronic Cooling [4]
● Examples - Carbon nanotubes and Graphene

01 Carbon Based Nanoparticles ●

●
nanoplatelets
Excellent thermal conductivity but poor stability
Used in heat sinks

● Examples - Al2O3, TiO2, CuO, SiO2, ZnO

02 Oxide Nanoparticles ●
●
Good stability and low cost
Used in liquid blocks and micro pin fin heat sinks

● Examples - Co, Fe, Ni and their oxides

03 Magnetic Nanoparticles
●

●
Magnetic features can be utilised using external
fields
Used in Micro Pulsating Heat Pipes Carbon Nanotubes [10]
● High thermal conductivity but increased pressure

04 Diamond Nanoparticles ●
drop
Used in micro pin fin heat sinks and oscillating heat
pipes

05 Gold Nanoparticles
●
●
High thermal conductivity
Used in heat pipes

● Prepared by dispersing two or more unlike

nanoparticles

06 Hybrid Nanofluids ● High Enhancement in heat transfer coefficient with low

increase in pumping power
● Used in liquid blocks 6
Diamond Nanoparticles [10]
Electronic Cooling Configurations [4]

1. Liquid Blocks with Conventional Parallel Channels

2. Heat Pipes

3. Impingement Jets

4. Double Layer Liquid Blocks

5. Wavy Channels

6. Distributors in Heat Sinks

Microchannel with different distribution

system configurations [14]
7
Micro-channel Heat Sinks
Single Layer Liquid Blocks [4] Double Layer Liquid Blocks [4] Wavy Channels [5]

● Thermal efficiency greatly ● Greater heat transfer capability ● Better heat transfer
improves with nanofluids than single layer heat sinks characteristics than
● Greater heat transfer ● Overcomes problem of non- rectangular channels
coefficient uniform temperature distribution ● Presence of nanofluids
● Disadvantage of non- ● 50% decrease in thermal however, increases
uniform temperature resistance with nanofluids pressure drop and friction
distribution factor 8
Cooling performance of nano fluid vs DI water in
Microchannel heat sink
In an experimental study conducted by
Y.Wang et al[ 8] to compare the
performance of 2%-Vol ZnO nanofluid with
DI water in microchannel heat sink . It was
found that the heat transfer coefficient of
the Zno nanofluid is 13% higher than that
of the base fluid at the Reynolds number
of 3.8. Relationship between average heat transfer
coefficient and Reynolds number [8]

9
Nano fluids in mitigating hotspots in MEMS
In a computational study Lakshmi
Sirisha Maganti et al. [7] demonstrated
that the cooling caliber of nanofluids
increases in regions at and around the
hot zones, thereby exhibiting potentially
‘smart’ effects. Expectedly, the higher
temperatures near the hot zone induces
higher Brownian and thermophoretic
drift fluxes onto the particles, enabling
them to transport more heat.
MEMS resonator
10
 Oscillating Heat Pipe with Diamond Nanoparticles

Although diamond nanoparticles settle Diamond/Water nanofluid requires a significantly smaller

down in stationary water, they are able to temperature difference than water for a long range of heat
remain suspended due to the thermally inputs. [1], [2]
excited oscillating motion in the OHP. [2], 11
[13]
Pumping Power Considerations [4]
The results reported by different researchers about pumping power of nanofluids in heat sinks
are rather inconsistent.
➔ Selvakumar and Suresh indicated a rather significant increment in
the pressure drop due to adding the nanoparticles.
➔ Roberts and Walker, Azizi et al. and Ho et al. mentioned that the
pumping power increment is insignificant.

Optimization was used to reach the optimal points with maximum heat transfer
along with lowest pumping power.
➔ Using Unified Particle Swarm Optimization,Spiral Optimization and Cuckoo Search, It was
shown that that nanofluids can be good alternatives for the cases with smaller flow rates,
requiring a less nanoparticle volume concentration.

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Applications in Cooling of Microchips

Challenges:
1. High heat flux density
(>10 MW/m^2) [13]
2. Microscale size

Cooling Methods:
1. Thin Film Evaporative Cooling
2. Nanofluid Oscillating Heat Pipe
(OHP)
3. Microchannel Heat Sinks
(MCHS), liquid blocks, etc Schematic of a heat sink for a microchip [13]
Advantages:
1. No extra pressure drop when particle size and volume fraction is
small
2. Some studies show that pressure drop increases only slightly in
13
nanofluid MCHS as compared to water MCHS [11], [12]
Applications in Industry

● Different commercial heat sinks

with nanofluids replaced as the
cooling medium. [6]
● Enhancement in heat transfer
coefficients was observed
● Overall lower processor operating
temperature was observed

14
Applications in Industry

Micro-channel Heat pipe used in Electronic On-orbit demonstration of oscillating

Applications [6] heat pipe with check valves for space
application [3]

15
References
1. Wong, Kaufui V., and Omar De Leon. "Review of nanofluid applications." Nanoparticle Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Series: Computational &
Physical Processes in Mechanics & Thermal Science, ISBN: 978-1-4398-6192-9. CRC Press, Edited by W Minkowycz, E Sparrow and J
Abraham, pp. 1-24 (2012): 1-24.
2. Ma, H. B., C. Wilson, B. Borgmeyer, K. Park, Q. Yu, S. U. S. Choi, and Murli Tirumala. "Effect of nanofluid on the heat transport capability in
an oscillating heat pipe." Applied Physics Letters 88, no. 14 (2006): 143116.
3. Ando, Makiko, Atsushi Okamoto, Kosuke Tanaka, Masakatsu Maeda, Hiroyuki Sugita, Takurou Daimaru, and Hiroki Nagai. "On-orbit
demonstration of oscillating heat pipe with check valves for space application." Applied Thermal Engineering 130 (2018): 552-560.
4. Bahiraei, Mehdi, and Saeed Heshmatian. "Electronics cooling with nanofluids: a critical review." Energy Conversion and Management 172
(2018): 438-456.
5. Sakanova, Assel, Chan Chun Keian, and Jiyun Zhao. "Performance improvements of microchannel heat sink using wavy channel and
nanofluids." International journal of heat and mass transfer 89 (2015): 59-74.
6. Colangelo, G., E. Favale, M. Milanese, A. de Risi, and D. Laforgia. "Cooling of electronic devices: Nanofluids contribution." Applied Thermal
Engineering 127 (2017): 421-435.
7. L. S. Maganti, P. Dhar, T. Sundararajan and S. K. Das, "Thermally “Smart” Characteristics of Nanofluids in Parallel Microchannel Systems to
Mitigate Hot Spots in MEMS," in IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 1834-
1846, Dec. 2016.
8. Wang, Y., Chung, S. J., Leonard, J. P., Cho, S. K., Phuoc, T., Soong, Y., and Chyu, M. K. "Cooling Performance of Nanofluids in a
Microchannel Heat Sink." Proceedings of the ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer.
ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 1. Shanghai, China. December 18–21,
2009. pp. 617-623.
9. Faulkner, D. & Khotan, M. & Shekarriz, R.. (2003). Practical design of a 1000 W/cm2 cooling system [high power electronics]. 223 - 230. 16
10.1109/STHERM.2003.1194366.
References
10. https://www.nanorh.com/product/diamond-nanopowder-nanoparticles/
11. Chein, R., and J. Chuang (2007). Experimental microchannel heat sink performance studies using nanofluids, Int. J. Therm. Sci ., 46(1): 57–
66.
12. Chein, R., and G. Huang (2005). Analysis of microchannel heat sink performance using nanofluids, Appl. Therm. Eng., 25: 3104–3114.
13. Das, Sarit K., Stephen U. Choi, Wenhua Yu, and T. Pradeep. Nanofluids: science and technology. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
14. Bahiraei, Mehdi, and Saeed Heshmatian. "Efficacy of a novel liquid block working with a nanofluid containing graphene nanoplatelets
decorated with silver nanoparticles compared with conventional CPU coolers." Applied Thermal Engineering 127 (2017): 1233-1245.

17
Automobile Radiators

18
Introduction
Radiators in automobiles are essentially heat exchangers meant to cool the engine
coolant. The fluid is made to flow through tubes where it exchanges heat with the ambient
atmosphere. The heat transfer is enhanced by using fins which increase the surface area.

Various designs for automobile radiators have been put forward to maximize the cooling
efficiency.

19
Use of Nanofluids in Automobile Radiators
● With their enhanced cooling
characteristics, nanofluids exhibit a
promising prospect for cooling
applications where the required cooling
rates are significant, such as in
automobile engine cooling.

● Studies have shown significant

improvements in radiator performance
upon adding nanoparticles to the base
fluid (coolant).

Ahmed, S. A., Ozkaymak, M., Sözen, A., Menlik, T., & Fahe
d, A. (2018
)
20
Performance Comparison
● Higher thermal conductivity and hence,
improved heat transfer coefficient.

● Less area is required for heat transfer

which brings down the weight of the
radiator.

● The degree of improvement depends on

the nanoparticle material used,
concentration, flow rate, etc.

21
Flow Behaviour of Nanofluids
● Namburu et al (2009) found that the CuO
nanofluid produced higher heat transfer
performance followed by Al2O3 and SiO2.

● Also, viscosity of nanofluids

increases as the particle diameter
decreases.
22
Improvement in Efficiency
● Nano fluids exhibit good thermal
properties when compared to the
conventional fluids due to their
possessing more surface area by
virtue of existing in nano size.
● Yu et al (2009) observed that by
adding 5% of zinc-dioxide
nanoparticle to ethylene glycol, there
was a 26.5% increase in the thermal
conductivity
Simpson, Sarah, Austin Schelfhout, Chris Golden, Saeid
Vafaei (2018)

● Eastman et al (2001) observed that 40% increase in thermal conductivity of the

automobile engine was achieved by using a nanofluid containing ethylene glycol
and 0.3% volume fraction of copper particles.

23
Some experimental results
(Enhancement in heat transfer coefficient)

45% 75% 90.76% 20-

1.34% Al2O3 particles
in water
2.78% Al2O3 particles
in water
1% Carbon-nanotube
(CNT) in water
30%
1.5% SiO2 and TiO2 in
water

13 nm γ-Al2O3 The same study with a Volume conc. ranging For different conc. and
particles were used at higher conc. (2.78%) from 0.15% - 1% and flow rates (More
Re~104 this was the max. details in the following
enhancement observed slide)

Pak and Cho (1998) Chougule, S. S., & Sahu, Hussein, A. M., Bakar,
S. K. (2014). A. R., Kadirgama, K., &
Sharma, K. V. (2014)

24
Some experimental results
(Enhancement in heat transfer coefficient)

Percent effectiveness enhancement a) for TiO2-Water and b) for SiO2-Water based nanofluids
Nanoparticle Concentration

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Computational Methodologies
● Experimentally determining the exact behaviour of
nanoparticles and their effect on nanofluid
properties is a very difficult task.

● Numerical modelling techniques serve as a handy

tool for this analysis. They can be utilized to assess
the actual performance of nanofluid based systems
and to identify trends based on nanoparticle
properties.

● Another rapidly evolving field involves the use of

Artificial Intelligence to generate models for
predicting the properties of nanofluids.
26
Results from simulations
Simulations by
Faroogh Garoosi, Leila Jahanshaloo, Saba Garoosi (2015)
(for natural convection in a square cavity) have shown that
an optimal volume fraction of the nanoparticles exists at
each Richardson number, for which the heat transfer rate is
a maximum. A similar simulation for a vertical tube was
performed by
Ramin Onsor Sayyar and Mohsen Saghafian (2017).

The studies employ Buongiorno model (Buongiorno J (2006)

), which assumes that the nanofluid is a mixture of a base
fluid and nanoparticles, with the relative motion caused by
Brownian motion and thermophoretic diffusion. The model
displays significant realism compared to the single phase
models using effective properties. Isotherms for φ= 5%
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Challenges
1. Long term stability of nanoparticle dispersions
2. Increased pressure drop and pumping power
3. High viscosity
4. Blockage of flow channels due to sedimentation
Bhogare, Rahul A., and B. S. Kothawale (2013)
Dzido, Grzegorz and Drzazga, Michał an
d Lemanowicz, Marcin and Gierczycki, A
ndrzej T. (2015)

E B Haghighi, N Nikkam, M Saleemi, M Behi, S A Mirmohammadi, H Poth, R

Khodabandeh, M S Toprak, M Muhammed and B Palm (2013)
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Thank You
Made by

Ahmad Faraz Badar - 16MEB109

Abdul Hannan Faruqi - 16MEB170
Asif Muslim - 16MEB174
29
Mohd. Rashid Siddiqui - 16MEB258