PRINCIPLES OF IT

ITBP 103

UNIT 3
COMMUNICATION
Information can be encoded into messages (broken down into equal size packets) to facilitate communication, which
is the process involved in the transfer of information from one place to another. This transfer happens electronically at
very high speed in the form of signals that carry bits of information at a certain rate, which we call bandwidth (usually
measured in bps). This unit describes the communications media, devices, and software needed to connect two or
more computer systems and/or devices to form a network. As networks connect computers, some of these are called
servers, whereas others are called clients. Servers are expected to execute continuously, for example Web servers or
video servers (like YouTube).while clients initiate the communication. Internet evolved as the global interconnection
of computers, and the Web evolved as the interconnection of information and services. URL is used to identify these
resources over the Web.

Spring 2021 CIT, UAE University

2 Unit Objectives

 In this chapter you will:

 Learn the basic elements of data communication
 Understand computer networks and Internet
 Outline a few samples of network applications
 Distinguish between Internet and World Wide Web
 Describe basic WWW elements
 Write simple HTML documents
 Discuss Web applications
 Appreciate the Cloud evolution

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3 Unit Contents

1. Data Communication
 Telecommunication
 Bandwidth
2. Networks
 Network Types
 Basic Networking Elements
 Internet
 Client/Server
 Network Applications
3. World Wide Web
 Internet Vs. Web
 WWW basic elements
 Web based Applications
 HTML
4. Cloud
 Cloud Evolution
 Cloud Services
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4 DATA COMMUNICATION

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5 Data Communication

 Data is communicated from a sending computer to a receiving

computer in the form of digital signals (i.e. 0s and 1s also called
Bits).
In wired communication, data In wireless communication, data transmission
transmission uses electric pulses uses airwaves encoded as frequency modulation
(0 = no voltage and 1 = positive voltage) (0 = low frequency e and 1 = high frequency)

0 1 0 1 0

Digital Signal as electrical pulses

Digital Signal as Frequency Modulation

 Telecommunication is the study of communications through

electrical and airwave signals
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6 Data Communication

 Bandwidth is the rate at which data is exchanged over a communication

channel, usually measured in bits per second (bps) or occasionally in
bytes per second (Bps)
8 Bits = 1 Byte (1B)
1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte (1KB)
A sequence of bit eight bits equal one byte 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte (1MB)
1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte (1GB)
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1000 Bits = 1 Kilobit (1Kb)
1000,000 Bits = 1 Megabit (1Mb)
1000,000,000 Bits = 1 Gigabit (1Gb)

 KB, MB and GB are generally used for file, memory and storage sizes
(e.g. 20 GB hard drive).
 1B = 8b, 1KB = 8Kb, 1 MB = 8Mb
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7 Data Communication

 Broadband refers to the wide bandwidth

characteristics of a transmission medium and its
ability to transport multiple signals and traffic types
simultaneously
 Fiber optic technology uses pulses of light to carry
data (instead of electrical pulses) which promises to
deliver at least 100 Mbps.

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https://youtu.be/qQYiwmamq38
8 Data Communication

Exercises
 What are the sizes of the following files in kilobytes (KB)?
 A text-only file containing 3072 ASCII characters
 A text-only file containing 2048 Arabic characters (An
Arabic character is encoded on 2 bytes, called Unicode
standard)
9 Data Communication
Solutions

 What are the sizes of the following files in

kilobytes (KB)?
 A text-only file containing 3072 ASCII characters

File size = No. of characters x Size of one character

= 3072 x 1
= 3072Bytes

Convert to KB:
File size (KB) = File size in Bytes / 1024
= 3072 / 1024
= 3KB

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10 Data Communication
Solutions

 What are the sizes of the following files in kilobytes

(KB)?
 A text-only file containing 2048 Arabic characters (An Arabic
character is encoded on 2 bytes (Unicode standard)

File size = No. of characters x Size of one character

= 2048 x 2
= 4096Bytes

Convert to KB:
File size (KB) = File size in Bytes / 1024
= 4096 / 1024
= 4KB

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11 Data Communication
Solutions

 Calculate the total time required to transfer a 1000

KB file of data over 1.5 Mbps network, considering
we count a transfer as completed when the last bit of
data has arrived at its destination
Transmission Time = File Size / Bandwidth = 1000 KB / 1.5 Mbps

1) Check the bandwidth unit and decide which rule to use ( 1B=8b or 1KB=8Kb or
1MB=8Mb)
For this exercise we will use 1MB=8Mb

2) Convert KB to MB: 1000 KB = 1000 / 1024 = 0.97 MB

3) Convert MB to Mb: 0.97 MB = 0.97 * 8 = 7.8125 Mb

4) Transmission Time = 7.8125 Mb / 1.5 Mbps = 5.2 s

CIT, UAEU.
12 Data Communication
Solutions

 Calculate the total time required to transfer a 1000

KB file of data over 1.5 Mbps network, considering
we count a transfer as completed when the last bit of
data has arrived at its destination
Transmission Time = File Size / Bandwidth = 1000 KB / 1.5 Mbps

1) Check the bandwidth unit and decide which rule to use ( 1B=8b or 1KB=8Kb or
1MB=8Mb)
For this exercise we will use 1MB=8Mb

2) Convert KB to MB: 1000 KB = 1000 / 1000 = 1 MB

3) Convert MB to Mb: 0.97 MB = 1 * 8 = 8 Mb

4) Transmission Time = 8 Mb / 1.5 Mbps = 5.33 s

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13 NETWORKS

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14 Networks

 A network is simply two or more computers that are linked together.

 The most common types of networks are:
 Local Area Networks (LANS) and
 Wide Area Networks (WANS)
 The primary difference between the two is that a LAN is generally
confined to a limited geographical area, whereas a WAN covers a large
geographical area. Most WANs are made up of several connected LANs.

WIDE AREA LOCAL AREA CIT, UAEU.

15 Networks

Connecting Networks

Hubs are used to connect computers

Routers are used to connect networks

Standard Router Wireless Router

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16 Networks

Home Networks
Wall Jack

DSL/Cable
Modem
USB/Ethernet
Cable

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17 Networks

Home Networks
Wall Jack

DSL/Cable Ethernet Cable

Modem Hub/Router
USB/WiFi/Ethernet Cable

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18 Networks
IP Address

 IP Addresses is a is a numerical label assigned to

each device (e.g., computer, smart phone)
participating in a computer network.
 Computers use this unique identifier to send and
receive data to and from other computers on a
network.
 A router automatically assigns an IP
address to devices that are
connected to it.
 IP addresses consist of four sets of
numbers from 0 to 255, separated To find out what your
by three dots. computer's IP address is, CIT, UAEU.
click here.
19 Networks

Packet
 A communicated message
(such as email) is broken into
equal-sized packets

 Each packet is transmitted

through the best available
route, which makes it more
efficient
Original Message

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20 Networks

Packet
 Assume that you want to send an email to
your friend.
 Email Size: 3500 bits (3.5 kilobits)

 The network uses fixed-length packets of

1024 bits (1 kilobit)

 Packet Header: 96 bits

 Packet Trailer: 32 bits

 Packet Payload: 896 bits

 We will need 4 packets (divide 3500 by

896)
Original Message

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21 Networks

Protocol
Data (Application)
 Protocol defines a standard method (rules) for exchanging data Segment (TCP)
over a computer network Packet (IP)
 Protocols are defined at different levels of data communication Bits (WiFi, Cable)
i.e. packet, segment or application levels
 TCP/IP is the most important standard protocol to provide end-to-end
connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed,
transmitted, routed and received at the destination
IP Protocol is used to route
TCP allows application to
data around the network
communicate over the
network

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22 Networks
WiFi Wireless Communication

 A wireless network can use an Access

Point (AP), which acts like a hub,
providing connectivity for wireless
computers. AP can connect to a wired Wired
network

network, allowing wireless computer

access each other resources
 A wireless network can also be
obtained (without AP) where a number
of computers, each equipped with a
wireless networking interface card, can
communicate directly. This is called
peer-to-peer or ad-hoc wireless network

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23 Networks
Cellular Wireless
Communication
 A cellular (or mobile) network is
a wireless network distributed
over land areas called cells, each
of which is served by a base
station

 When joined together, these cells

provide radio coverage over a
wide geographic area to provide
connectivity to portable smart Each cell uses a different frequency to avoid interferences
phones anywhere in the network

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24 Networks

Exercises
 Read “Is stealing wireless wrong?” and share your
opinion.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6960304.stm
25 Networks
Internet

 Internet is a network of networks, connecting billions of

devices from all around the world (using TCP/IP protocol)

 No one owns the Internet, but a small registration fee is

required by Internet Service Provider (ISP)

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26 Networks
Client / Server

 Client/server is a program relationship in which one program (the

client) requests a service or resource from another program (the server).
 Server provides services such as database, file, video or printing
services, to clients.
 Although the client and the server programs can be hosted in a single
computer (platform), they are usually hosted on separate interconnected
computers

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27 Networks
Network Applications

application
 Some network applications are: email, Video Data
Message
conferencing, instant messaging, Voice Over IP Packets
(such as Skype), network games, P2P file sharing Bits

(such as torrents)
 Network applications run on different end systems
and exchange data via the network (following
Client/Server model)

Application Host Application Host

controlled by
programmer application
Program process Data
Message
OS OS Packets
application
Bits
Data
Message
Internet (IP) Packets
TCP TCP Bits

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Controlled By Operating
System
28 Networks
Email Application

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29 Networks
Email Application

Email address
 To send an email, an email address is required.
[email protected]
There are rules or protocols that must be
followed
 You send your email message from your
[email protected]
computer to your email service provider (using
SMTP Protocol)
 Your email service provider sends the message
[email protected] to your friend's email service provider
 Your friend gets the email from his service
provider (using POP or IMAP Protocol)

Email Se rve r Email Se rve r Client

Client Ahm e d's Em ail Provide r Aym e n's Em ail Provide r

POP3 or
SMTP SMTP IMAP

Ahmed's Laptop Aymen's iPhone

30 Networks
Email Application

Email Protocols Email Clients

• SMTP Forms in which clients

Simple Mail Transport Protocol - These rules handle appear:
outgoing email and get your email from your computer to • Application based - these
your friend's email provider. are installed onto user’s
• POP3Post Office Protocol - These are the rules governing machines and include
incoming email. It allows you to keep a set of messages on Microsoft Outlook.
a server that you can access and download to your
• Web based - these appear
computer. Once the email is downloaded to your computer,
it is usually deleted from the server.
in a web browser’s
• IMAPInternet Mail Access Protocol - This is a different set window and include
of rules governing incoming email. It allows you to keep Hotmail, Yahoo and
messages on a server that you can access from multiple Outlook web client
computers. With IMAP, you can use Mac Mail to access an
email account from home and Windows Outlook to do this
from work and still keep all your messages on the server.
31 WWW (World Wide Web)

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32 WWW (World Wide Web)

 WWW is an Internet Application which stores information

into Webpages
 Internet transports Webpages from a Web server to a client
browser using HTTP protocol (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
 WWW consists of
information organized into HTTP
Webpages containing text
HTTP
and graphic images.
 Web browsers are used to
connect you to remote
computers, open and transfer
files, display text and images
33 WWW(World Wide Web)
Web Page

 Webpage contains (hypertext) links to other pages leading to related information

 A collection of linked Web pages that has a common theme or focus is called a
Web site.
 The main page that all of the pages on a particular Web site are organized around
and link back to is called the site’s home page

Web Site
ex: www.uaeu.ac.ae

Web Pages Web Page Web Pages

ex: ex: ex:
http://www.uaeu.ac.ae/en/sign_in.shtml http://www.uaeu.ac.ae/en/campus_life/ http://www.uaeu.ac.ae/en/contact.shtml

A dynamic page that will A static page with no

take user name and interaction that user will
password and check it to only read and close if.
allow login.
34 WWW (World Wide Web)
Uniform Resource Locator
(URL)
A standard way of specifying the location of a Web page, containing the
hostname (of the webpage), "/", and a file (i.e. contents of the the webpage)

protocol pathname

http://www.dubaisymphony.org/cityconcerts/index.htm

Domain name filename

35 WWW (World Wide Web)

Exercises
 What is the difference between Intrenet and WWW ?
36 WWW (World Wide Web)
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

 HTML is the language used to create or build a Web page

 It is a Markup language i.e. a language that uses tags which
indicates how information should be displayed
37
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Tags

 Tags are enclosed in angle brackets

(<. . . >)

 Words such as HEAD, TITLE, and BODY are

called elements and specify the type of the tag

 Tags are often used in pairs, with a start tag such as

<BODY> and a corresponding end tag with a /
before the element name, such as </BODY>
38
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Basic HTML Tags

 <P> . . . </P> specify that text should be treated as a

separate paragraph
 <CENTER> . . . </CENTER> center information in the
browser window
 <B>…</B> bold information
 <UL>…</UL> unordered list
 <LI>…</LI> list item
 <H1>…</H1> information as H1 head
 …
 <H8>…</H8> information as H8 head
39 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

 Try it yourself by editing the following HTML file

and open it from a browser
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
40 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

 Practice further HTML Basic, Headings and

Paragraphs sections of this online tutorial or copy
the following URL in your browser::
http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_examples.asp
41 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Exercises
 Create a Webpage using HTML which illustrates
three emirates. For each emirate, you should include
a representative picture of a cultural or touristic site
with an associated descriptive text.
42 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
HTML Editors

 There are WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) HTML editors
 The most widely used are FrontPage and Dreamweaver
 They are simple to use and come with ready-made templates of standard
webpages
FrontPage

We lc o me to IT Princ iple s

Ins truc to r:
Email:
Offic e Ho urs
43 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
But HTML is Static

 HTML page shows the same thing every time you

load it in your browser

 But you may want the content to change

 Show latest weather, news, scores, etc . . .
 Show prayer times
 Remember user’s preferences for future
44 Dynamic WebPage
JSP to the Rescue!

 JSP = Java Server Pages

 Combines Java and HTML to create dynamic
(changing) Web pages
 Similar technologies:
 ASP, PHP, Perl, Cold Fusion, etc.
 But JSP is the only one in Java!
45 Web Based Applications
Server Side Application

 JSPs are executed on the server side

where the webpages reside
 Following client interaction with a
webpage, an active processing takes
place at the server, producing a new
dynamically created webpage
 Server running JSPs are called
Application Server
 Programs of this type are called Application Server
Server-Side Applications or Web
Based Applications or simply Web
applications
46 Web Based Applications

 The ability to update and maintain web applications without

distributing and installing software on potentially thousands of
client computers is a key reason for their popularity
 Web applications are used to distribute all kind of services to
clients (including business and government services)
47 Cloud

 Web applications deliver software,

platform and infrastructure services
 These type of services are called
Cloud services E.g. Virtual Disk like DropBox, GoogleDrive or iCloud

 Cloud computing is the transparent Infrastructure

delivery process of these services
 Cloud computing has opened a Platform Software

whole new world of possible E.g. Virtual server to deploy E.g. GoogleDocs

industry and low-cost startups applications

which use the Cloud services to

thrive (example: Online video
retailer Netflix, Apple’s Voice Siri)
48 Concept Check