Fundamental of ICT

Lecture-6
Number System

Course Instructor: Nasir Ali Kalmati

REPRESENTING INFORMATION IN
COMPUTERS
• All different types of information in computers can be
represented by binary code.

• Numbers
• Letters of the alphabet and special characters
• Microprocessor Instruction.
• Graphics/Video
• Sound

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COMMON NUMBER SYSTEMS

Symbols Used by Used in

System Base Humans? Computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No

Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes

Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No

0, 1, … 9,
Hexa-decimal 16 No Yes
A, B, … F

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 Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7

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 Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F

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 Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F Etc.
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 CONVERSION AMONG BASES
• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base

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 POSITIONAL NOTATION
• Decimal (base 10) numbers are expressed in the
positional notation.

Most Significant Digit Least Significant Digit

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 • Binary (base 2) numbers are also expressed in the
positional notation.

The right-most is the least significant digit

The left-most is the most significant digit

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 POSITIONAL NOTATION
 A system of expressing numbers in which the digits are
arranged in succession, the position of each digit has a place
value, and the number is equal to the sum of the products of
each digit by its place value

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 Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Next slide…

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 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125

Base

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 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Binary to Decimal
• Algorithm
• Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the
bit.
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on
the right.
• Add the results.

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 Example
Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310

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 Exercises
• Convert the following binary numbers into
equivalent decimal numbers.

a) (11010)₂
b) (1101011)₂
c) (1110101)₂
d) (1010101100)₂

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 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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Octal to Decimal
• Algorithm
• Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of the
bit.
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0
on the right.
• Add the results.

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 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810

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 Exercises
• Convert the following octal numbers into equivalent
decimal numbers.

a) (56)₈
b) (247)₈
c) (563)₈
d) (4706)₈

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 Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Algorithm
• Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit.
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right.
• Add the results.

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 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810

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 Exercises
• Convert the following hexadecimal numbers into
equivalent decimal numbers.

a) (FAB)₁₆
b) (2AC)₁₆
c) (2A3B)₁₆
d) (ABCD)₁₆

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 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Decimal to Binary
• Algorithm
• Divide by two.
• Keep track of the remainder.
• Etc.

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 Example

12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
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 Exercises
• Convert the following decimal numbers into
equivalent binary numbers.

a) (32)₁₀
b) (435)₁₀
c) (1694)₁₀
d) (1715)₁₀

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 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Octal to Binary
• Algorithm
• Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation.

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 Example

7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
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 Exercises
• Convert the following octal numbers into equivalent
binary numbers.

a) (56)₈
b) (247)₈
c) (563)₈
d) (4706)₈

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 Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Hexadecimal to Binary
• Algorithm
• Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation.

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 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112

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 Exercises
• Convert the following hexadecimal numbers into
equivalent binary numbers.

a) (FAB)₁₆
b) (2AC)₁₆
c) (2A3B)₁₆
d) (ABCD)₁₆

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 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Decimal to Octal
• Algorithm
• Divide by 8.
• Keep track of the remainder.

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 Example

123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228

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 Exercises
• Convert the following decimal numbers into
equivalent octal numbers.

a) (32)₁₀
b) (435)₁₀
c) (1694)₁₀
d) (1715)₁₀

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 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Binary to Octal
• Algorithm
• Group bits in threes, starting on right.
• Convert to octal digits.

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 Example

10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278

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 Exercises
• Convert the following binary numbers into equivalent
octal numbers.

a) (11010)₂
b) (1101011)₂
c) (1110101)₂
d) (1010101100)₂

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 Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Binary to Hexadecimal
• Algorithm
• Group bits in fours, starting on right.
• Convert to hexadecimal digits.

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 Example

10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16

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 Exercises
• Convert the following binary numbers into
equivalent hexadecimal numbers.

a) (11010)₂
b) (1101011)₂
c) (1110101)₂
d) (1010101100)₂

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 Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Octal to Hexadecimal
• Algorithm
• Use binary as an intermediary.
• Convert binary into hexadecimal.

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 Example

10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16

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 Exercises
• Convert the following octal numbers into
equivalent hexadecimal numbers.

a) (56)₈
b) (247)₈
c) (563)₈
d) (4706)₈

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 Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Hexadecimal to Octal
• Algorithm
• Use binary as an intermediary.
• Group bits in threes, starting on right.
• Convert binary into decimal.

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 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148

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 Exercises
• Convert the following hexadecimal numbers
into equivalent octal numbers.

a) (FAB)₁₆
b) (2AC)₁₆
c) (2A3B)₁₆
d) (ABCD)₁₆

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 Exercise – Convert ...

Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

33
1110101
703
1AF
Don’t use a calculator!

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 Common Powers (1 of 2)
• Base 10 Power Preface Symbol Value
10-12 pico p .000000000001

10-9 nano n .000000001

10-6 micro  .000001

10-3 milli m .001

103 kilo k 1000

106 mega M 1000000

109 giga G 1000000000

1012 tera T 1000000000000

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 Common Powers (2 of 2)
• Base 2 Power Preface Symbol Value
210 kilo k 1024

220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,

the base-2 interpretation generally applies.

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 Thank you

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