Fundamental of ICT

Lecture-1
Computer definitions and basics
Compatibility Mode
Course Instructor: Nasir Ali Kalmati
 THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION WHERE
CAN YOU FIND COMPUTERS?

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 THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
• What is computer literacy?
Computer literacy is the knowledge about computer, If you are
computer literate, you have knowledge and understanding of
computers and their uses.

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 WHAT IS COMPUTER?
• Definition 1:
Computer is an electronic device which takes some input, process it, and produces
output.
• Definition 2:
Electronic machine operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory.
Accepts data
Manipulates data
Produces results
Stores results
These instructions tell the machine what to do.
Generally, the term is used to describe a collection of devices that function together as a system.

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 WHAT IS COMPUTER?
An electronic machine,
operating under the control
of instructions stored in its
own memory accepts data
What Is a Computer?
manipulates the data
according to specified rules
produces results stores the
results for future use.

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 What are data and information?
Data
Collection of raw unprocessed
facts, figures, and symbols.

Information
Data that is organized,
meaningful, and useful

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 WHO IS USER?
• Someone that communicates with a computer.
• Someone who uses the information it generates.

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 DEVICES THAT COMPRISE A
COMPUTER SYSTEM

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 WHAT DOES A COMPUTER DO?
Computers can perform four general operations,
which comprise the information process cycle.
1) Input
2) Process
3) Output
4) Storage

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE.
• Computer process data (input) into information
(output).
• A Computer often holds data, information, and
instruction in storage for future use.
• “The series of input, process, output and storage
activities is the information process cycle”.

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (cont.)
• The sequence of events in processing information,
which includes:
1. Input—entering data into the computer.
2. Processing—performing operations on the data.
3. Output—presenting the results.
4. Storage—saving data, programs, or output for future

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 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (cont.)
1. INPUT
• Input is any data or instructions entered to the
computer.
• Input can be in the form of audio, video and
graphics instructions.
• Instructions can be
• Programs
• Commands
• User response

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (cont.)
1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION CYCLE.
What are two types of inputs:
• Data
A collection of raw
unprocessed facts, figures,
and symbols.
• Instructions
− Programs
− Commands
− User responses
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 1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION CYCLE.(cont.)

a) Programs
Program tells a computer what to do and how to
do? These are written instructions in some specific
language.(languages will be describe future) for
example time card program installed in hard disk for
student attendance / presence as shown in previous
slide.

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 1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION CYCLE.(cont.)

b) Commands
• Command causes a program to perform a
specific action.
• Like Ctrl+P for taking Print of Time card
entries in previous slide example or Ctrl+ S
for saving a Ms.Word Document in
computer.

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 1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION CYCLE.(cont.)

c) User Response
• A user response is an action which is or can
be done by answering any question from
computer.
• like You want to save the entries in time card
program? User have two options Yes or No,
that is depend on the user what to response.

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (cont.)

2. PROCESS
• Computer data processing is any process that uses
a computer program to enter data and summarize
it analyze it or otherwise convert data into usable
information.
• The process may be automated and run on a
computer.

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (cont.)

2. PROCESS
• It involves recording, analyzing, summarizing, calculating,
disseminating and storing data.
• Data is most useful when well-presented and actually
informative,
• Data-processing systems are often referred to as
information systems.
• In computer processing is done by CPU (Central Processing
Unit)

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (cont.)

3. OUTPUT
• Output is the data that has been processed in to
useful form.
• The computer takes the input from user process it
and produced output.
• Output also can be text, Audio, Video or graphics .
• Output can be in two forms
a) Soft Copy
b) b) Hard Copy

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (cont.)

3. OUTPUT
a) Soft Copy.
• When you are writing a document, playing a game,
watching a video clip, or reading the latest news.
• Soft copy is what you see on the monitor (Screen).
• Soft copy is temporary; after you have finished with
it, there is nothing solid to hold.
• However you can transfer soft copy to a disk, to
transport it
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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (cont.)

3. OUTPUT
b) Hard Copy:
• Hard copy can be touched and carried.
• Hard copy is usually some form of paper output.
• Hard copy is usually some form of paper output.
• It is especially helpful if you need to have a
colleague look at your work or
• you need to give your work to a supervisor or
teacher.
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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (cont.)

4. STORAGE
Storage refers to various techniques and devices for
storing large amounts of data.
Examples
• Hard disks
• Floppy Disks
• Optical storage (CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD or DVD-R )
• Flash Memory/USB

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 WHAT IS DATA?
(CONT.)

2. NADRA prepared CNIC of Pakistanis by collecting

data of people who belongs to Pakistan.
3. Some candidates want to take admission in
university they will fill admission forms.

Above all are unprocessed and unprepared

which is needed to process and work more.

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 WHY WE NEED DATA?

• Facts, statistics used for reference or analysis.

• Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc.,
which can be processed by a computer.
• Data must be interpreted, by a human or
machine, to derive meaning

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 WHAT IS INFORMATION?

Definition:
• “Meaning full data is called information”

• “Processed data is called information”.

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 WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
• Knowledge derived from study, experience (by the senses), or
instruction.
• "Information is any kind of knowledge that is exchangeable
amongst people, about things, facts, concepts, etc.,
• In some context, "Information is interpreted data"

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 WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
(cont.)
Detail Example:
• Some candidates want to take admission
• So they will fill an admission form containing data about their
selves.
• When this data is organized and arranged by eligibility criteria and
admission rules.
• A merit list will be formulated.
• This merit list is in the form of information of certain students
which are eligible for admission.

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 WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
(cont.)
Data
Names: Nasir, Adil, Unsa, Ali
Marks: 10,2,5,8 Process
Merit calculation Information
If marks >= 5
Candidate is eligible Merit List
Sr No Name Marks
1 Nasir 10
2 Ali 8
3 Unsa 5

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 Thank You

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