Digital Operations

F1

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 Digital Operations

F1

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 Objectives

Upon completion of the chapter the participant will

... be familiar with the INT, DINT, REAL data types and the
BCD display

... be able to apply the selectable display formats in the

"Monitor / Modify Variable" test function

... understand the "Load" and "Transfer" instructions

... be able to apply and program the S5 counter and timer

functions

... understand conversion operations for number formats

... be able to apply and program the comparison

operations

... understand basic mathematical functions

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 Acquiring, Processing and Outputting Data

Operating 0248 Thumbwheel

+ monitoring V buttons,
processes Potentiometer
0 8 1 5 , 7-segment
display
Operator Panel

Control such as MPI

Processing
unit the
values

DI/ AI/

DO AO
such as PROFIBUS

Process Field devices

controller

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 Integer (INT, 16-Bit Integer) Data Type
Value range -32,768 to +32,767 Arithmetic
(without sign: 0 to 65,535) operations: such as + I, * I, <I, ==I

Display Formats:
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

DEC: + 662 BIN.: 2# 000000101001011 HEX: W#16#0 2 9 6

0 without
+29 sign
Sign +2 7
0
6 x 16 = 6
positive +24
numbers +22 9 x 161 = 144
+21 2 x 162 = 512
+ 662 662

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

DEC: - 662 BIN.: 2# 111111010 110101 0 HEX: W#16#F D6 A

without
-215 sign
Sign +2
14

negative +213 10 x 16 =10

0

+212 6 x 161 = 96
numbers +211 13 x 162 = 3328
+210 +28 +26
Representation as +25 +23 +21 15 x 163 =
Twos - 662 61440 64874
complement

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 Double Integer (DINT, 32-Bit Integer) Data Type

Value range L# -2,147,483,648 to L#+2,147,483,647 Operations: such as + D, * D, <D, ==D

(without sign: 0 to 4,294,967,295)

Display Formats:
31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

DEC: L# +540809 BIN.: 2# 000 0000000010000100000010001001

0
Sign
positive
numbers

HEX: DW#16# 0 0 0 8 4 0 8 9
(without sign)

31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

DEC: L# -540809 BIN.: 2# 1111111111110111101111110111011

1
Sign
negative
numbers

Representation as HEX: DW#16# F F F 7 B 7 7

Twos complement F
(without sign)

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 REAL (Floating-point Number, 32 Bit) Data Type

Value range -3.402823•10+38 to -1.175495•10-38 , 0.0, +1.175495•10-38 to +3.402823•10+38

Operations: such as + R, * R, <R, ==R

sin, acos, ln, exp, SQR

General format of a Real number = (Sign) • (1 + f) • (2e-127)

Example: 0.75

Sign of
Real no. e = Exponent (8 Bit) f = Mantissa (23 Bit)

31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
7
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 ..... 2-23

Real no. = +1.5 * 2 126-127 = 0.75

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 The BCD Code for Inputting and Outputting Integers

Value range 16 Bit: - 999 to + 999 Conversion

32 Bit: -9999999 to + 9999999 operations: BTI, BTD, ITB, DTB
(no arithmetic!)

0 2 9 6

16 Bit: BIN.: 2# 0000001010010110

Sign (+) 2 9
HEX: W#16# 0 2 9

Sign 0 0 0 0 2 9
(+)

32 Bit:
BIN.: 2# 0xxx000000000000000000 10100

HEX: DW#16# 0 0 0 0 2 9

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 Conversion Operations BCD  Integer

Number Conversion
Entered in BCD
0 81 5 BCD->Integer
Tas User program
with Integer
k
Number math operations
0 2 4 8 Conversion
displaye BCD<-
d in Integer
BCD

LAD FBD STL

BCD_I BCD_I L IW4

EN OUT MW20 BTI
EN ENO
T MW20
IW4 IN OUT IW4 IN ENO
MW20

I_BCD I_BCD L MW10

EN ENO EN OUT QW12 ITB
T QW12
MW10 IN OUT QW12 MW10 IN ENO

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 Number Formats

Accessed in between Invalid value !!!

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 Loading and Transferring Data

Accumulator 1

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 Data Storage in Accumulator 1
Contents of Accumulator 1
Program
31 23 15
7 0
L MB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MB0

31 23 15 7 0
Load 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MB0 MB1
L MW 0

31 23 15 7 0

L MD 0 MB0 MB1 MB2 MB3

T QD 4
QD 4

Transfer T QW 4
QW 4

T QB 4
QB 4

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 Comparison Operations

LAD FBD STL

M 3.4 CMP >=I Q 9.7 CMP >=I A M 3.4

A(
IN1 L IW 0
IW0
IN1 L IW 2
IW 0 M 3.4 & Q9.7 >=I
IW 2 IW2 IN2 = )
IN2 = Q 9.7

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 Basic Mathematical Functions
LAD FBD STL

ADD_I ADD_I L MW4

Addition EN OUT MW6 L MW10
EN ENO
MW4 MW4 IN1 +I
IN1
MW10 OUT MW6 MW10 ENO T MW6
IN2
IN2
SUB_I SUB_I L MW8
Subtrac- MW6
tion EN ENO EN OUT MW12
MW8 IN1 MW8 IN1 L
OUT MW6 ENO - MW6
MW12 IN2 MW12 IN2 I
T
L MD6
MUL_DI MUL_DI
Multipli- MD66
cation EN ENO EN OUT L MD12
MD6 MD6 IN1 *D
IN1
MD12 IN2 MD66 ENO
T MD66
MD12
IN2
DIV_R DIV_R L MD40
EN OUT MD32
Division EN ENO MD4
MD40 IN1 MD40 IN1 L
OUT MD32 MD4 ENO / MD32
IN2 IN2 R
MD4
T
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 S5 Counter Functions
LAD FBD STL

A I 0.4
C5 C5
CU C5
S_CUD S_CUD
I 0.4 Q 8.3 A I 0.5
CU Q
Q I 0.4 CU CD C5
A I 0.3
I 0.5
L C#5
CD CV MW 4 I 0.5 CD
S C5
I 0.3 A I 0.7
S CV_BCD QW 12 I 0.3 S CV MW 4 R C5
L C5
C#5 PV C#5 PV CV_BCD QW 12 T MW4
Q 8.3 LC C5
I 0.7
R I 0.7 R Q
Q = T
QW12
A C5
= Q8.3

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 Counters: Function Diagram

CU

CD

5
4
3
Count
2
1
0

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 Exercise 1: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 18, C 18)

DI DO
I 0.0 T_System_ON Act Quantity
I 0.1 T_System_OFF L_SYSTEM Q 4.1
I 0.2 T_Jog_RIGHT L_MAN Q 4.2
I 0.3 T_Jog_LEFT Q 4.3 V

I 0.4 S_M/A_ModeSelect L_AUTO

I 0.5 T_M/A_Accept "QW_DigDisp" (QW 6)
-15V...+15V -15V...+15V
AI2 AO1
AI1 AO2

AI1 AI2
V

0 8 1 5 AI1 AI2 AO1 AO2

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 S5 Timer Functions
T44 T44
S_PULSE S_PEXT
I 0.7 S MW0 I 0.7 S BI MW0
S5T#35s BI QW12 S5T#35s QW12
M8.5 TV BCD M8.5
I 0.5 TV BCD = I 0.5 =
R Q
R Q
Pulse Timer (SP) ON Delay (SD) Extended Pulse (SE)
T44
S_ODT
I 0.7 S BI MW0
S5T#35s QW12
TV BCD M8.5
I 0.5 R Q =
Stored ON Delay (SS) OFF Delay (SF)
T44 T44
S_ODTS S_OFFDT
S BI MW0 MW0
I 0.7 I 0.7 S BI
S5T#35s QW12 S5T#35s QW12
TV M8.5 TV M8.5
I 0.5 BCD = I 0.5 BCD =

R Q R Q
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 Timers: ON Delay (SD)
LAD FBD STL

T4 T4
I 0.7 S_ODT Q8.5 S_EVERZ A I 0.7
S Q I 0.7 S BI MW0 L S5T#35s
S5T#35s BI MW0 S5T#35s QW12
SD T4
TV T BCD
I 0.5 Q8.5 A I 0.5
V
R BCD QW12 I 0.5 Q = R T4
R L T4
T MW0
RLO at S
LC T4
RLO at R T QW12
A T4
Time = Q8.5
operation
Example

Data type 0.01s <-- 0 0

0.1s <-- 0 1
1s <-- 1 0 Units of time: 0 to 999 (BCD-coded)
“S5TIME” 10s <-- 1 1

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 Exercise 2: Monitoring the Transport Functions (FC 17)

DI DO

I 0.0 T_System_ON
I 0.1 T_System_OFF L_SYSTEM Q 4.1
I 0.2 T_Jog_RIGHT L_MAN Q 4.2
I 0.3 T_Jog_LEFT L_AUTO Q 4.3
I 0.4 S_M/A_ModeSelect
I 0.5 T_M/A_Accept

T_Ackn L_Conv
_Fault _Fault

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 Exercise 3: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 19)

DI DO SETPOINT Quantity ACTUAL Quantity

I 0.0 T_System_ON
I 0.1 T_System_OFF L_SYSTEM Q 4.1 0 8 1 5
I 0.2 T_Jog_RIGHT L_MAN Q 4.2
I 0.3 T_Jog_LEFT L_AUTO Q 4.3
I 0.4 S_M/A_ModeSelect "IW_Thumbw" (IW 2) "QW_DigDisp" (QW 6)
I 0.5 T_M/A_Accept

T_Ackn_Fault L_Conv_Fault

ACT=SET Acknowledgement
"L_Bay-LB" (Q 8.4) "T_Bay-LB" (I 8.4)

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 Exercise 3: Counting the Transported Parts (FC 19), Solution Hints
NW 1: Set "Counter" to
0
MOVE
Condition
for resetting EN OUT MW 20
0 IN ENO

NW 2: Counting via memory word, ACT

quantity
ADD_I
Rising edge of
counting event EN

MW 20 IN1 OUT MW 20

1 ENO

IN2
NW 3: Display ACT quantity on the BCD digital display

Convert ACT quantity (MW 20) from Integer to BCD -> Result on BCD digital display (QW 6)

NW 4: Read in SETP quantity and convert from BCD to Integer

Convert value from thumbwheel button (IW 2) from BCD to Integer -> Store SETP quantity (Integer) in MW 22

NW 5: ACT-SETP comparison, Conveyor indicator light Q 8.4

Compare ACT (MW 20) to SETP (MW 22) -> Place comparison result on indicator light

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 If You Want to Know More

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 Additional Exercise 4: Counting the Conveyor Belt Faults (FC17)

Conv
Fault
M 17.0

3
Conv
2
Fault 1
Coun
0
ter C
17

M/A AUTO
Q 4.3

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 Additional Ex 5: Timely Lock-out of the Conveyor Motor Jogging

Lock-out
time LEFT

Jog RIGHT

I 0.2
Conv motor
RIGHT
(Q8.5)
Lock-out
RIGHT
T 15 (SF)

Jog LEFT
I 0.3
lock-out
time RIGHT
Conv motor
LEFT
(Q8.6)

Lock-out
LEFT
T 16
(SF)

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 Counters: Bit Instructions
LAD FBD STL

Network 1: C5
I 0.0 SC
I 0.0 C5
A I 0.0
SC L C#20
C#20 CV
C#20 S C5
Network 2:
C5
I 0.1 C5
I 0.1 CU A I 0.1
CU
CU C5

Network 3:
I 0.2 C5 C5
A I 0.2
CD I 0.2 CD CD C5

Network 4:
C5 Q 4.0 Q 4.0
A C5
C5 = = Q 4.0

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 Timers: Stored ON Delay (SS)
LAD FBD STL

T4 T4 A I 0.7
I 0.7 S_ODTS Q8.5 S_ODTS L S5T#35s
S BI MW0 SS T4
S Q I 0.7
S5T#35s BI A I 0.5
TV MW0 S5T#35s TV BCD QW12
Q8.5 R T4
I 0.5
R I 0.5 R L T4
BCD QW12 Q =
T MW0
LC T4
T QW12
A T4
= Q8.5

RLO at S

RLO at R

Timer
operation
Example

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 Timers: Pulse (SP)
LAD FBD STL

T4 T4 A I 0.7
I 0.7 S_PULSE Q8.5 S_PULSE L S5T#35s
S Q S BI MW0 SP T4
I 0.7
A I 0.5
S5T#35s TV MW0 S5T#35s QW12
T BCD R T4
I 0.5 BI Q8.5
QW12 V L T4
R BCD I 0.5 Q =
T MW0
R
LC T4
T QW12
A T4
= Q8.5

RLO at S

RLO at R

Timer
operation
Example

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 Timers: Extended Pulse (SE)
LAD FBD STL

T4 T4 A I
I 0.7 S_PEXT Q8.5 S_PEXT 0.7 L
S Q I 0.7 S BI MW0 S5T#35s
S5T#35s TV BI MW0 SE T4
S5T#35s QW12 A I 0.5
I 0.5 TV BCD Q8.5
R BCD QW12 I 0.5 R T4
=
R Q
L T4
T MW0
LC T4
T QW12
A T4
=
RLO at S Q8.5

RLO at R

Timer
operation
Example

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 Timers: OFF Delay (SF)
LAD FBD STL

T4 T4 A I 0.7
I 0.7 S_OFFDT Q8.5 S_OFFDT L S5T#35s
S Q S B MW0 SF T4
I 0.7
S5T#35s BI A I 0.5
TV MW0 S5T#35s T BCD
I QW12
Q8.5 R T4
I 0.5 V
R I 0.5 L T4
BCD QW12 Q =
R T MW0
LC T4
T QW12
A T4
= Q8.5

RLO at S

RLO at R

Timer
operation
Example

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 Time Formats for Traditional S5-Timers in STEP 7

Time specifications as constants

S5T#35s200ms
(Time base: 01 (100ms), Number of units of time: 352)

01 3 5 2

Time specifications per variable X X 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

Time base Units of time (BCD-coded)

29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Accu 1 contents after “L T...” exec. X X X X X X 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Residual units of time (Integer)

01 3 5

2
Accu 1 cont. after “LC T...” exec. X X 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

Time base Residual units of time (BCD-coded)

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 Timers: Bit Instructions
LAD FBD STL

Network 1:
T4
I 0.0 T4 I 0.0 & SD A I 0.0
SD L S5T#5s
S5T#5s TV SD T4
S5T#5s

Network 2:

T4 Q 8.0 Q 8.0
A T4
T4 & =
= Q 8.0

Network 3:
T4
I 0.1 T4 A I 0.1
R I 0.1 & R R T4

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 Conversion Operations I  DI  REAL

Data in integer format

(16-bit integer)

Conversion from Conversion from Math

Tas integer to double integer program
double integer to real number with
k
real
number
s

F STL
I_DI
EN OUT MD14
B DI_R
ENO EN OUT MD26
D MW12 IN L MW12
LAD ENO ITD
MD14 IN
DTR
T
I_DI DI_R
MD
EN ENO EN ENO
26

MW12 IN OUT MD14 MD14 IN OUT MD26

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 Digital Logic Operations

WXOR_W L IW 0
WOR_W
L W#16#5F2A
WAND_W
AW / OW / XOW
EN ENO
T MW10
IW0 IN1
OUT MW10 15 0
W#16#5F2A IN2
IW0 = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

W#16#5F2A = 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

AND OR XOR

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
MW10 after “AW” ex.

0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
MW10 after “OW” ex.

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
MW10 after “XOW” ex

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 Application Example: Digital Edge Detection

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