Scribd
Upload
695 views25 pages

Elementary Logic

This document provides an overview of some fundamentals of logic. It discusses how logic is used to determine the validity of arguments and illustrates the importance of precision in mathematical language. Key concepts explained include propositions, logical connectives like negation and conjunction, truth tables, quantifiers, and the difference between statements. Examples are provided to demonstrate logical symbols and the writing of statements in symbolic form.

Uploaded by

MV A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
695 views25 pages

Elementary Logic

This document provides an overview of some fundamentals of logic. It discusses how logic is used to determine the validity of arguments and illustrates the importance of precision in mathematical language. Key concepts explained include propositions, logical connectives like negation and conjunction, truth tables, quantifiers, and the difference between statements. Examples are provided to demonstrate logical symbols and the writing of statements in symbolic form.

Uploaded by

MV A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Elementary Logic

Some fundamentals of logic


• Logic allows us to determine the validity of
arguments in and out of mathematics.
• Illustrates the importance of precision and
conciseness of the language of mathematics.
• Proposition
• - is a statement which is true or false
• Examples
• 1. 9 is aprime number
• 2. 4 + 6 = 10
• 3. x + y > 3
• 4. 10 < -4
• 5. x = 10
Connectives Propositional Symbols Examples Read
Logic

Not Negation ¬ ¬p Not p ( p is


false)
And Conjunction ˄ p˄ q p and q

Or Disjunction ˅ p˅q
p or q
Implies Conditional → p→ q If p then q
Or p implies q
If and only if Biconditional ↔ p↔ q P if and only if
q
Example 1: The ff are propositions
• a. I will go to mall
• b. The sky is cloudy
• c. You will receive your promotion
• d. The function f(x) is continuous.
Example 2;
• Harry is happy ( p )
• Harry is going to watch a volleyball game ( q )
• It is going to rain (r )
• Today is Sunday (s)
Write the ff in symbol

1. Today is Sunday and Harry is not happy.


s˄¬p
2. Today is Sunday and harry will not be watching a
volleball game
s˄¬q
3. If it is going to rain, then Harry is not going to watch
a volleyball game
r→¬q
4. Harry is going to watch a volleyball game if and only
if he is happy.
q↔ p
5.Harry is happy only if it is not going to rain
p↔¬r
6. Harry is going to watch a volleyball game or it is
going to rain
q˅r
The truth table
A truth table is a table that shows the
truth value of a compound statement for
all possible truth values of its simple
statements.
P Q
T T

T F

F T

F F
Negation

P
Say P is• a  proposition.
F T

T F

• The negation of P means and is denoted


 

by
Logical Operators
•  

Say P and Q are propositions.


P Q

1. (Conjunction Tof PTandTQ) T denoted by


T P Fand F
2. (Disjunction of Q) Tdenoted by
F T F T
F F F F
Implication
•  

Say P and Q are propositions.


The proposition (If PPthenQ Q) is called an
implication.
T T T
P is called the hypothesis
T Fand Q
F is called the
conclusion. F T T
F F T
Example: Implication

Symbolize the given statement, using capital letters to abbreviate the


simple statements (stated positively):

P = Neil is a big eater


Q = Len has a big voice
R = Lemy likes violet

 If Neil is not big eater or Len has a big voice, then Lemy likes
violet.
( ¬ p˅q) → r
Conditional statements
•  

Say P and Q are propositions. Given the


impication,
its inverse is ,
P ¬ Q ¬
the converse
p Q is
itsT contrapositive
F T F T is T T T
T F F T F
T T F
F T T F T
F F T
F T F T T
T T T
Construct the truth table

• 1. p˄ (¬ q)
p q ¬q p˄ (¬
q)

T T F F
T F T T
F T F F
F F T F
2. (- p˅ q) ˄ (-q)

p -p q ¬q (- p˅ q) ˄ (-q)

T F T F
T F F T

F T T F

F T F T
• 3. [ p˄(¬ q)] ˅ [(¬p) ˅ q]
Write symbols ¬ , ˄, ˅, →
Given: P: The sun is shining
Q: It is raining
R: The ground is wet

• 1.It is raining, then the sun is not shining


• 2. It is raining and the ground is wet
3. The sun is shining or it is raining
• 4. The ground is not wet
Example:
Inverse, Converse and Contrapositive

Say P and Q are propositions. Given the impication,


 itsGive
inverse is , converse and contrapositive of the
the inverse,
following implication:
 the1. converse
If this bookis
is interesting, then I am staying at
home.
 its contrapositive is
2. If you are more than 60 years old, then you are
entitled to a senior citizen’s card.
• • 
If this book is interesting, then I am
staying at home.
 its inverse is ,
 the converse is
 its contrapositive is
• Inverse : If this book is not
interesting, then I am not staying
at home.
• Converse: I am staying at home if
Bi-conditional
•  

Say P and Q are propositions.


The proposition
P Q (P if and only if Q) is called a
biconditional
F F statement.
T T
T

It is equivalent to () ()
F T T F
F
T F F T F

T T T T T
Quantifiers
•  

Quantifiers are used to described the


variable/s in a statement.

1. Universal quantifier means “for all”, “for


every”
written denoted by
Compound quantifiers
•  

1. If using same quantifiers, then the


ordering doesn’t matter.

2. If using mixed quantifier, then the


ordering does matter.
Example:
•
Example: Compound quantifier

•  

Write as an English sentence and determine if it


is true or false.
•
• 1. For all x which is an element of positive integers,
there exist y which is an element of real numbers
such that the square of y is equal to x.

• 2. There exists x,y which are elements of natural


numbers such that y subtracted to x is equal to x
subtracted to y
Write the following in the symbolic form using P,Q,R
for the statements and the symbols where

 2

p: A polygon is a triangle.
Given:
q: A polygon has exactly 3 sides.

The statement p, q represents the


sentence, "A polygon is a
Solution:
triangle if and only if it has
exactly 3 sides."
References:
• Learning the language of mathematics, https://
wac.colostate.edu/llad/v4n1/jamison.pdf
• The language of mathematics,
http://onemathematicalcat.org/pdf_files/LANG1.pdf
• The language and grammar of mathematics, http://
press.princeton.edu/chapters/gowers/gowers_I_2.pdf
• Guzon, A. Powerpoint Presentation: CHED ADMU GE Training (2016)
• Nocon R., Nocon E. Essential Mathematics for the Modern World (2016)
• Pinter, Set Theory (1971)
• Salvador, I., Powerpoint Presentation: Pampanga State Agricultural
University (2017)

You might also like