VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELGAUM-590010

Seminar presentation
on
“LIGHT TREE”
by
NAME USN

Vasanth.M 1AT07TE059

Under The Guidance Of

Mr.Ravindra
Internal Guide, Lecturer , Department of TE

ATRIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Anandanagar, Bangalore-560024
 Contents
Introduction
Block Diagram
Comparison between CWDM and DWDM
Light Path
Light Tree- example
Architecture of wavelength-routed optical network
Multicast Switch Architectures
An MWRS based on a splitter bank
MWRS based on a “drop and continue” switch.
The Optical layer
Unicast ,Broadcast and Multicast Traffic.
Light trees problem formulations
Advantages and Disadvantages
Future enhancement
Conclusion
References
 Introduction

 Today, there is a general consensus that in near future wide area networks (WAN)
will be based on Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) optical networks. 

 Depending on the underlying physical topology networks can be classified into three
generations:

 1st Generation: They employ copper-based or microwave technology. eg.

Ethernet.
 2nd Generation: These networks use optical fibers for data transmission but
switching is performed in electronic domain. eg. FDDI.
 3rd Generation: These networks both data transmission and switching is
performed in optical domain. eg. WDM. 
 Block diagram

Traditional Digital Fiber Optic Transport

Single
Single Pair
Pair of
of Fibers
Fibers

Digital Transceiver Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver Digital Transceiver

Single Pair of Fibers

Digital Transceiver Digital Transceiver

Single Pair of Fibers

Digital Transceiver Digital Transceiver

Digital fiber optic transport using WDM
WDM MUX WDM MUX

Digital Transceiver Digital Transceiver

Single Pair
of Fibers

Digital Transceiver Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver Digital Transceiver

Digital Transceiver
Digital Transceiver

Fiber Optic Transport using WDM

Comparison between CWDM and DWDM
Two types of WDM
 Coarse wavelength division multiplexing(CWDM)
 Dense wavelength division multiplexing(DWDM)

Feature CWDM DWDM

Wavelengths per fiber 8 – 16 40-80

Wavelength spacing 2500GHz (20nm) 100 GHz (0.8nm)

Wavelength capacity Up to 2.5 Gbps Up to 10 Gbps

Aggregate Fiber capacity 20 – 40 Gbps 100 – 1000 Gbps

Overall cost Low Medium

Applications Enterprise, metro-core,

metro-access regional
 Light Path

 A light path is an all-optical channel which may be used to carry circuit switched
traffic and it may span multiple fiber links.

 A light path can create logical (or virtual) neighbors. A light path carries direct
traffic between nodes it interconnects.

 Major Objective of light path communication is to reduce the number of hops.

 Under light path communication the network employs an equal number of

transmitters and receivers because light path operates on point to point basis.
 Light Tree

 A light tree is a point to point multipoint all optical channel which may span
multiple fiber links.

 It enables single-hop communication between a source node and a set of destination

nodes.

 A light tree based virtual topology can reduce the hop distance, thereby increasing
the network throughput.
 Light tree example

Figure : Architecture of a wavelength-routed optical network and it’s layered graph

Light tree example Contd…

 We refer light tree as a point to multi point extension of light path.

 Many multicasting applications exist such as teleconferencing, software/file

distribution including file replication on mirrored sites, distributed games, Internet
news distribution-mail mailing lists.

 In future as multicast applications become more popular and bandwidth intensive.

Architecture of Wavelength-Routed Optical Network

NSFNET backbone topology

Architecture of Wavelength-Routed Optical Network
contd…

Virtual links induced by the light tree consisting of source UT and

destination nodes TX,NE and IL.
Architecture of Wavelength-Routed Optical Network contd…

 A WDM control network may require efficient delivery of broadcast traffic. which
may be modelled as a layered graph in which each layer represents a wavelength
and each physical fibre has a corresponding link on each wavelength layer.

 The switching state of each wavelength-routing switch (WRS) is managed by a

controller.

 A light tree based broadcast layer may provide an efficient transport mechanism for
such multicast applications.
Multicast Switch Architectures

Linear divider combiner (LDC)

Multicast Switch Architectures contd…
 linear divider combiner with two input fibers (the Pi’s), two output fibers (the Po’s)
two dividers and four control signals (the αjs).

 The LDC acts as a generalized optical switch with added functions of multicasting
and multiplexing.

 Formula Derivation:

The values of α1, α2, α3, α4 control the proportion of the input power that can be
sent to the output links. Let Pi1 and Pi2 be the power on the input links, and let Po1
and P02 be the output powers. Then,

 Po1= (1-α1) (1-α3) Pi1+ (1-α2) α3Pi2 and

 Po2= α1 (1-α4) Pi1+α1α4Pi2
An MWRS based on a splitter bank

A multi-cast capable wavelength – routing switch

An MWRS based on a splitter bank contd…

 An optical splitter splits the input signal into multiple identical output signals. Since
an optical splitter is a passive device the power from at least one output signal of an
n-way optical splitter is less than or equal to 1/n times the input power.
MWRS based on a “drop and continue” switch

• In a drop and continue switch a light path can be terminated at a node and
simultaneously an identical copy of the light path can be allowed to continue to
another node in the network.

• Technique:

 It is the special case of light tree , By employing a drop and continue switch we can
construct a chain of nodes which are connected by a drop and continue light path.

 All nodes on the chain will receive transmissions on a drop and continue light path
where light is dropped .
The Optical Layer
Definition:

 The optical layer provides light paths to the higher layers. In addition to the pass
through capability provided by the optical layer other features include are:

 Transparency
 Wavelength reuse
 Reliability
 Virtual topology
 Circuit switching.
Unicast , Broadcast and Multicast Traffic

Unicast Traffic:

 IP/TV on Demand use unicast traffic. Each user can request the program at a
different time. with the number of simultaneous users limited by the available
bandwidth

 Unicast traffic is sent from a single source to a single destination IP address.

Unicast traffic Contd…

Example of Single Unicast Traffic Example of Multiple-Stream Unicast

Traffic
Broadcast Traffic:

 Broadcast traffic uses a special IP address to send a single stream of data to all of
the machines on the local network. A broadcast address typically ends in 255. (for
example, 192.0.2.255) or has 255 in all four fields (255.255.255.255).

Example of Broadcast Traffic

Multicast Traffic:

 Unlike unicast addresses, when a data stream is sent to one of these addresses
potential recipients of the data can decide whether or not to receive the data.
 If the user wants the data the user's machine receives the data stream if not the user's
machine can ignore it.

Example of multicast traffic

Combining Unicast and Multicast Traffic:

Example of Combined Multicast and Unicast Traffic

Combining Unicast and Multicast Traffic contd…

 If the routers in a network are not capable of handling multicast IP/TV can use
unicast transmissions to send the multimedia content across the non multicast
-enabled router.

 A server on the other side of the router can then use multicast transmission to
deliver the content to its local users.
Light trees: problem formulations

 Here, we state the problem of unicast traffic. We are given the following inputs to
the problem:

 A physical topology Gp = (V, Ep) consisting of a weighted undirected graph.

 The number of wavelength channels carried by each fibre =W.

 An NxN traffic matrix, where N is the number of network nodes and the (i, j) th
element is the average rate of traffic flow from node i to node j.

 The number of wavelength tunable lasers (Ti) and wavelength tunable filters (Ri) at
each node.
Advantages and Disadvantages:

Advantages:

 Single hop communication.

 Increased Bandwidth.
 Broadcasting and Multicasting.

Disadvantages:

 Difficulties arising from limited number of transceivers per node.

 Difficulties arising from limited number of wavelengths.
Future enhancement

 Wavelength assignment algorithm should be explored in future research.

 To Minimize wavelength cost.

 Conclusion
 A novel WDM WAN architecture based on light trees that are capable of supporting
broadcasting and multicasting over a wide-area network by employing a minimum
number of optoelectronic devices.

 Such WDM WAN can provide a very high bandwidth optical layer which efficiently
routes unicast, broadcast and multicast packet-switch traffic.

 Preliminary results show that if we employ a set of light trees, then significant
savings can be achieved in terms of the number of optoelectronic devices that are
required in the network.
 References
 
1. Laxman H. Sahasrabudhe and Biswanth mikhergee, Light trees : Optical Multicasting
For Improved Performance in Wavelength-Routed networks.

2. Biswanth Mukhergee, Dhritiman Banergee, S.Ramamurthy And Amarnath

Mukhergee,The Principles for Designing a wide-area WDM Optical
Network,IEEE/ACM Trans.Networking.

3. Laxman H. Sahasrabudhe, Light trees: An Optical Layer for Tomorrow’s IP Networks,

4. www.ucdavis.edu
 
5. Rajiv Ramaswami and kumara N. Sivarajan Optical Networks.
 
6. www.ieng.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software