Add Math Notes

Written By : Hakim Ahmad

Chapter 1 : Function
 Understanding Function
a) Relation
Domain codomain

2 4

3 9

4 16

25

2, 3, 4 = Object (a set of domain)

4, 9, 16, 25 = Image (a set of codomain)
{4, 9, 16} = Range (the set in Image that matched the Object)
b) Classifying the type of relations

One-to-One Relation Many-to-One Relation

2 5 2 5

3 6 3 6

One-to-Many Relation Many-to-Many Relation

2 5 2 5

3 6 3 6
c) Functions notation

x f x⁴
1 1
f x⁴
2 16
x
3 81
Think function as a
machine with input
x and output f(x)

f(x) = x⁴

Read As :-
Funtion of ‘f’ map ‘x’ to ‘x⁴’ or*
‘X⁴’ is the image of ‘x’ under the function ‘f’
d) Composite Function
f g
a b c
1 4 8

2 5 10

3 6 12

f(a) = a+3
g(b) = 2b

gf(a) = 2(a+3)
fg(a) = 2a+3
e) Inverse Function
f
x 2x

1 2

2 4

f⁻1

f(x) = 2x

f⁻1(x) = x
2
 Answering Function
a) Function Notation (simple)

-Given that f(x) = 5x-5

Find f(4) write question again could help
understanding and remembering formula

f(x) = 5x-5
f(4) = 5(4)-5 replace ‘x’ with ‘4’
= 20-5
= 15 #

f(x) = 5(x)-5 = f(4) = 5(4)-5 = 15

b) Composite Function

-Given that f(x) = 5x, g(x) = 7+x

a) find fg(8)
b) find gf(8)
work out right function first which is ‘g’, which
f(x) = 5x, g(x) = 7+x mean g(x) = g(8) = 7+8, keep function ‘f’ tilt
a) fg(8) = f(7+8)
= 5(15) now, work function ‘f’, the ‘(7+8)’ become the
fg(8) = 75 # ‘x’ of function ‘f’, so, f(x) = 5x = 5(7+8)

b)gf(8) = g[5(8)]
= 7+40 ALWAYS work the function FROM right TO Left

gf(8) = 47 #
c) Inverse Function

-Given that f(x) = 5x-7

find f⁻⅟(x)
replace ‘f(x)’ with unknown such as ‘y’

f(x) = 5x-7
y = 5x-7
5x = y+7
x = y+7
5 replace ‘x’ with ‘f⁻1(x)’ and replace
‘y’ with ‘x’
f⁻1(x) = x+7
5 #
d) Composite Inverse Function

-Given that fg(x) = 7x-5, f(x) = 6x+3

find g(x)
Let function ‘g(x)’ be the ‘x’ of function ‘f’
fg(x) = 7x-5, f(x) = 6x+3
f [g(x)] = 7x -5
f [x] = 7x-5 work out function ‘f’, f(x) = 6(x)+3
6[x]+3 = 7x-5 on function ‘fg(x)’, f[g(x)] = 6[g(x)]+3
6[g(x)]+3 = 7x-5
6[g(x)] = 7x-8
g(x) = 7x-8
6 #
Chapter 2 : Quadratic Equation
Understanding Quadratic Equation

a) General form of Q.E.

ax2 + bx + c = 0
a≠0

-a, b, c, are real numbers

-x is positive with maximum value of 2
b) Roots of Q.E.

Determine whether x = 1 are roots of the quadratic equation

x2 + x – 2 = 0
First, equation is a statement,
First, equation is a statement,
it may true or not true
x 2 + x – 2 = 12 + 1 – 2
=0 Replace ‘x’ with ‘1’

Hence, x = 1 is a root of the equation

*Root is number that sastify the equation.

*a Q.E. has a most two roots
c) Solving Q.E.

-Find ALL ROOT of the equation.

- 3 methods to solve Q.E. :-

• Factorisation
[ax2 + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q)]
• Completing the square
[ax2 + bx + c = ax2 + bx + (b)2 + c – (b)2]
[ (2) (2) ]
• Using the Quadratic Formula
[ x = -b ± √b2 – 4ac ]
[ 2a ]

*for factorisation, if p = q, then the equation have two equal root

d) Formation of Q.E.

-Forming a Q.E. from two given roots

-Using this formula

[x2 – (S.O.R)x + (P.O.R) = 0]

S.O.R = Sum Of Roots

P.O.R = Product Of Roots
e) Discriminant of a Q.E.

• Condition of the type of roots:-

- for two different roots,

[ b2 - 4ac > 0 ]

- for two equal roots,

[ b2 - 4ac = 0 ]

- for no roots,
[ b2 – 4ac < 0 ]
 Answering Quadratic Equation
a) Express Q.E. in general form

-Express the following Q.E. in the general form.

a) x2 = x + 7
b) x(x + 4) = 4x – 3 add any number at the both side that make
the RIGHT side become ‘0’ such as ‘- x – 7’
Solution.
a) x2 = x + 7
expand any ‘brakected’ number first
x2 – x – 7 = 0 #
b) x(x + 4) = 4x – 3
x2 + 4x = 4x – 3 apply general form
x2 + 3 = 0 #
b) Determine the roots

- Determine whether x = 1 and x = 2 are roots of the Q.E.

x2 + x – 2 = 0
replace ‘x’ with ‘1’

x2 + x – 2 = 0
x2 + x – 2 = 12 + 1 – 2
=0#
hence, x = 1 is a root of the equation.

x2 + x -2 = 22 + 2 – 2 answer should be ‘0’

=4≠0#
hence, x = 2 is NOT a root of the equation.
c) Solving Q.E.
i) By Factorisation
- Determine the roots of the quadratic equation
x2 + x – 12 = 0
factorise :
factorise :
1st, find the factor of ‘x2’(= x * x), then factor of
x2 + x – 12 = 0 ‘-12’(= 4 * -3) [random guess].
2nd, arrange number to get sum up same as
x +4 = 4x
middle number such as ‘x’ in example.
x -3 = -3x 3rd, after got TRUE result, pair the ‘x’ with ‘+4’
=x and ‘x’ with ‘-3’.
(x + 4)(x – 3) = 0
x + 4 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
x = -4 or x=3 divide the pair, find ‘x’
value for each pair.

Therefore, x = -4 and x = 3 are the roots #

ii) By completing the square

-Solve the quadratic x2 + 6x – 1 = 0 by completing the square.

X2 + 6x – 1 = 0 move ‘c’ which is ‘1’ to the right side.

x2 + 6x = 1
x2 + 6x + (6)2 = 1 + (6)2 add ‘(6)2’ on the both side
2
2 2
X2 + 6x + 32 = 1 + 32 square root can be negative,
(x + 3)2 = 10 so, there 2 possible answer
x + 3 = ± √10
= ±3.1623
x + 3 = 3.1623 or* x + 3 = -3.1623
x = 0.1623 # = -6.1623 #
iii) By using Quadratic Formula

-Use the quadratic formula to find the solutions of the

equation 10x2 + 3x = 16 (4 sign fig)
turn into general form
10x2 + 3x = 16
10x2 + 3x -16 = 0

use the Quadratic Formula : -

x = -3 ± √32 – 4(10)(-16)
x = - b ± √b2 – 4ac
2(10) 2a
= -3 ± 25.475
20

= 1.124 # or* -1.424 #

d) Formation of Q.E.

- Form a Q.E. with roots 2 and -3

first, determine the S.O.R
S.O.R = 2 + (-3) = -1 and P.O.R
P.O.R = 2(-3) = -6
use the formula :-
x2 – (-1)x + (-6) = 0 x2 – (S.O.R)x + (P.O.R) = 0
x2 + x – 6 = 0 #
e) Linear formation of Q.E

- Given that a and b are the roots of the Q.E. 2x2 + 2x – 5 = 0,

for a Q.E. with roots (a – 2) and (b – 2).

for root a and b :- compare with quadratic formation formula :-

x2 – (S.O.R)x + (P.O.R) = 0
to verify the value of a and b.
2x2 + 2x – 5 = 0
x2 + x – 5 = 0
2 Compare equation by this way :-
S.O.R = a + b = -1 x2 + (1) x – 5 = 0
2
P.O.R = ab = -5 x2 - (a+b) x + (ab) = 0
2
Continue…
for root (a-2) and (b-2) :-

S.O.R = (a-2) + (b-2)

=a+b–4 apply ‘(a+b) = -1’ in this calculation
= -1 - 4
= -5
apply ‘(ab) = -1’ and
P.O.R = (a-2)(b-2) ‘(a+b) = -5’ to this equation
= ab – 2a – 2b + 4 2
= ab – 2(a+b) + 4
=7 apply Q.E. general form
2
The required equation is x2 + 5x + 7 = 0
2
That is 2x2 + 10x + 7 = 0 #
f) Discriminant of Q.E.

- determine the types of roots for x2 – 12x + 27 = 0

determine the “a(= 1), b(= -12), c(= 27)”
x – 12x + 27 = 0
2

b2 – 4ac > 0
b2 – 4ac = (-12)2 – 4(1)(27) apply “a, b, and c” to the formula.
= 36
36 > 0 compare if the value more than(>), or
equal(=) or less than(<) with value of 0

(has two different root) #

 g) Problem solving using discriminant

- The equation (k + 1)x2 – 4x + 9 = 0 has two different roots.

Determine the range of values of k.
determine “a,b and c”
(k + 1)x2 – 4x + 9 = 0
b2 – 4ac = (-4)2 – 4(k + 1)(9)
= 16 – 36(k + 1) apply ‘b2 – 4ac > 0’ for two
b2 – 4ac >0 different roots.
16 – 36(k + 1) > 0
16 – 36k – 36 > 0
36k < -20
k<-5
9 #
Chapter 3 : Quadratic Function
Understanding Quadratic Function
a) The general form of quadratic function

Formula
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

a≠0

- a, b, c, are constant
- Q.F. must has term of x2
- if there any more ‘x’ term, should be x1 or
x0 only
 b) Relation of Q.F. with graph position

1) f(x) = ax2 + bx +c = o Values of ‘x’

when ‘f(x) = 0’
f(x)

2) Given that ‘m’

and ‘n’ are roots

x
m O n

So, m = x (when intersect) And, n = x (when intersect)

note that

m≠n
 c) Recognising shape of graph of Q.F.

- if ‘f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0’ has two distinct real roots,

So, ‘b2 – 4ac > 0’, Then, the graph…

f(x) f(x)

2nd x
O 1
st

x
1st O 2nd

a>0 Function f(x) intersect a<0

x-axis at two distinct points
- if ‘f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0’ has two real and equal roots,
So ‘b2 – 4ac = 0’, Then the graph…

f(x) f(x)
1st x
O

x
O 1
st

a>0 Function f(x) intersect a<0

x-axis at only one point
- if ‘f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0’ doesn’t have any real roots,
So ‘b2 – 4ac < 0’, Then the graph…

f(x) f(x)
x
O

x
O
a>0 Function f(x) doesn’t a<0
intersect the x-axis.
d) Min and Max value of a Q.F.

a>0 a<0 Max point

f(x) f(x)

x
O

x
O

Min point

When a = positive (+) or [a > 0] When a = negative (+) or [a < 0]

so, f(x) = min value so, f(x) = max value
e) Determine Min and Max value of a Q.F. by

completing
- a Q.F can bethe squareinto f(x) = a(x + p)2 + q,
expressed
by the method of Completing The Square.

- so, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

f(x) = [ax2 + bx + c = ax2 + bx + (b)2 + c – (b)2]
[ (2) (2) ]
<<< CTS Formula

f(x) = a(x + p)2 + q

ax2 + bx +(b)2 = a(x + p)2 and q = -(b)2 + c
2 2
factorisation
and, f(x) = a(x + p)2 + q
= a([x-axis] + p)2 + [y-axis]
- Since (x + p)2 > 0 for all values of ‘x’, so, if a>0
(positive number)

f(x)

then…
c
a(x + p)2 > 0.

x
O

x, q (min point) note that

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
f(x) = a(x + p)2 + q
so, f(x) has a min value of q when x + p = 0 = a([x-axis] + p)2 + (y-axis)

so, q = (y-axis)
- Since (x + p)2 > 0 for all values of ‘x’, so, if a<0
(negative number)

f(x) x, q (max point)

then… x
O
a(x + p)2 < 0. c

note that
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
f(x) = a(x + p)2 + q
so, f(x) has a max value of q when x + p = 0 = a([x-axis] + p)2 + (y-axis)

so, q = (y-axis)
f) Sketching the Q.F. graph

- y-intercept and the graph turning point(min/max point)

important for sketching the graph.

- Follow the step :-

1. Determine the Min or Max point

2. Determine the x-intercept

3. Determine the y-intercept

4. Draw the axes and sketch the graph accordingly

Step 1 : Determine the Min or Max point

- Determine ‘a’. if a = 1 > 0 (positive [+]) so, graph has min point

f(x) = [ax2 + bx + c = ax2 + bx + (b)2 + c – (b)2] <<< CTS Formula

[ (2) (2) ]

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
f(x) = a(x + p)2 + q
ax2 + bx +(b)2 = a(x + p)2 and q = -(b)2 + c
2 2
factorisation

so, f(x) = a(x + p)2 + q

note that

therefore, the min point is (x, q) (x + p)2 = 0

p & 0 are constant

Step 2 : Determine the x-intercept

- apply the lesson ‘c) recognise the Q.F. graph shape’

-let the result is positive(+), so the x-axis intersect at

two distinct points.

when f(x) = 0
ax2 – bx – c = 0 factorisation

(x + m)(x – n) = 0
x = -m or x = n

then the graph intersect the x-axis at (-m, 0) and (n, 0)

Step 3 : Determine the y-intercept

- When x = 0
the y-intercept can only
obtained when x-axis = 0

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
f(0) = a(0)2 + b(0) + c
=c

therefore the graph intersects the y-axis at (0, c)

note that
x = x-axis
Step 4 : Draw the axes and sketch the graph accordingly

f(x) - use all the obtained

information from
calculation before.

• plot graph based on :-

(-m, 0) - roots or x-intercept
(n, 0)
(-m, 0) and (n, 0)
x - max/min point (x, q)
O - y-intercept (0, c)

(0, c)
(x, q) min point
note that
to draw cartesian plane :-
f(x) = y-axis
x = x-axis
g) Quadratic Inequalities