Structure of Resonance and

Continuum States
Unbound Nuclei Workshop
Pisa, Nov. 3-5, 2008

Hokkaido University
1. Resolution of Identity in Complex Scaling Method

 r
Bound st. r


 e
Spectrum of
  r
Hamiltonian  
Resonant st. r   e
Continuum st.
Non-Resonant st.

Completeness Relation (Resolution of

Identity)
1   |un u~n  1  dk | k ~k |
R
n b
R
R.G. Newton, J. Math. Phys. 1 (1960), 319
Among the continuum states, resonant states are
considered as an extension of bound states
because they result from correlations and
interactions.

From this point of view, Berggren said

“In the present paper,*) we investigate the propert

ies**) of resonant states and find them in many w
ays quite analogous to those of the ordinary boun
d states.”
*) NPA 109 (1968), 265. 　 **) orthogonality and completeness
 Separation of resonant states from continuum states
Nr ( L)
1   |un u~n  ~  1 dk | ~ |
n b
 r r 
|
nr
u u k k
L

Resonant states Deformed

continuum states
T. Berggren, Nucl. Phys. A 109, 265 (1968)
Deformation of
the contour

Matrix elements of resonant states

~ ˆ
u1 O u2  lim  dr e r 2 ~ * ˆ
u1 Ou2 Convergence Factor
 0 R Method
Ya.B. Zel’dovich, Sov. Phys. JETP 12, 542 (1961).
N. Hokkyo, Prog. Theor. Phys. 33, 1116 (1965).
 Complex scaling method
i
reiθ
coordinate: r  re
~ ˆ  r 2 ~ * ˆ r
u1 O u2  lim  dr e u1 Ou2 B. Gyarmati and T. Vertse,
 0 R
i ~ * i ˆ Nucl. Phys. A160, 523 (19

i
 d ( re ) u1 ( re )O ( )u 2 ( re ) 71).
R

 i
momentum: k  ke
Nrr

 nn nn  nn n n  k k k kk k| |
 
N
 ~  ~~   ~ ~ 
11  |u
|u u |  |uu uu
| 11
dk
dk
| 
| inclination of
LL
nnbb nnrr the semi-circle
T. Myo, A. Ohnishi and K. Kato. Prog. Theor. Phys. 99(1998)801]
Resolution of Identity in Complex Scaling Method
k E k E

 0  0
B.Giraud and K.Kato, Ann.of
Single Channel system Phys. 308 (2003), 115.

E| E|
 0

b3 b 2 b 1 r1 r2 r3

B.Giraud, K.Kato and A. Ohn

ishi, J. of Phys. A37 (2004),1
1575
Coupled Channel system Three-body system
 　　　　　　　　　
Structures of three-body continuum states 　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　

(Complex scaled)

　　　
　　　

　　　
　
　

　
Physical Importance
red: 0+
of Resonant States
blue: 1-

0+ 1－

M. Homma, T. Myo a
nd K. Kato, Prog. Th
eor. Phys. 97 (1997),
561.
 B.S
.
• Kiyoshi Kato

R.S.

Sexc=1.5
e2fm2MeV

Contributions from B.S. and R.S. to the Sum rule value

２． Complex Scaled COSM

(A) Cluster Orbital Shell Model (COSM)

• Y. Suzuki and K. Ikeda, Phys. Rev. C38 (1988), 410

Core+Xn system
The total Hamiltonian:
X
X 1 2  X  1 
H  H C    p i  U i    vij  pi  p j 
i 1  i 1 2m  i j  ( Ac  1)m 
 
1 2  where
i
HC : the Hamiltonian of the core cluster AC
 X
X Ui : the interaction between the core and
the valence neutron (Folding pot.)
vij : the interaction between the valence
neutrons 　 (Minnesota force, Av8, …)
(B) Extended Cluster Model ー T-type coordinate system
ー
Y. Tosaka, Y Suzuki and K. Ikeda; Prog. Theor. Phys. 83 (1990), 1140.
K. Ikeda; Nucl. Phys. A538 (1992), 355c.

The di-neutron like correlation between valence n

eutrons moving in the spatially wide region

 ( 2n : [i ]2J 0 )  P (cos  ),

θ

which has a peak in a region :   1

dR
1

The two-neutron distance :

When R~5-7fm, to describe the short range
correlation accurately up to 0.5 fm, the
maximum  -value is 10~14.
(C) Hybrid-TV Model

S. Aoyama, S. Mukai, K. Kato and K. Ikeda, Prog. Theor. Phys. 94, 343-352 (1995)

(p3/2)2
(p1/2)2
Rapid
convergence!!
(p,sd)+T-base
(  14) 2
 Two-neutron density distribution of 6He
(0p3/2) ２
Hybrid-TV

Hybrid-TV model (COSM 9ch + ECM 1ch)

S=0
Harmonic oscillator (0p3/2 only)

S=1

Total
 18
O

6
He

H.Masui, K. Kato and K.Ikeda, PRC75 (2007), 034316.

Excitation of two-neutron halo nuclei (Borromean nucle
i)

Structure of three-body continuum

Three-body resonant states

Complex scaling method

Resonant state  　 Bound state

Soft-dipole mode (divergent) (no-divergent)

S. Aoyama, T. Myo, K, Kato and K. Ikeda; Prog. Theor. Phys. 116, (2006)
1.
1- ( Soft Dipole Resonance) pole in 4He+n+n (CSM+ACCC)

(1   )V (r )  V (r )

Er~3 MeV
Γ~32 MeV
1- resonant state??
It is difficult to observe as an isolated resonant state!!
Y. Aoyama ； Phys. Rev. C68 (2003) 034313.
 7
He: 4He+n+n+n COSM
T. Myo, K. Kato and K. Ikeda, PRC76 (2007), 054309
 3. Coulomb breakup reactions of Borromean systems

Structures of three-body continuum state

　　　　　　　　　

　　　　　　

Coulomb breakup reaction

Strength Functions of Coulomb Breakup Reaction
 T. Myo, A. Ohnishi and K. Kato, Prog. Theor. Phys. 99 (1998), 801.
in CSM
N r
1   |un u~n   | un u~n  1  k dk | k ~k |  1  k ' dk ' | k' ~k' |  1  k " dk"| k" ~k" |
L L L
n b n r
Resonances 9
Li+n+n 10
Li(1+)+n 10
Li(2+)+n
T. Myo, K. Kato, S. Ao
yama and K. Ikeda, PR
C63(2001), 　 054313
PRL 96, 252502 (2006)

coupled
channel
[9Li+n+n]
+
[9Li*+n+n]

T. Myo
4. Unified Description of Bound and Unbound States

Continuum Level Density

Definition of LD:

 ( E )    ( E  Ei )

H i  Ei i

1   1 
 ( E )   ImTr  
   E  H  i  

A.T.Kruppa, Phys. Lett. B 431 (1998), 237-241

A.T. Kruppa and K. Arai, Phys. Rev. A59 (1999), 2556
K. Arai and A.T. Kruppa, Phys. Rev. C 60 (1999) 064315
 1   11 
 ( E )   ImTr   RI in complex
   E  H  i   scaling
1  NB
1 1 N B
1 
  Im    dE C
C 
  nB E  EnB nR E  EnR
B R L E  E 
nR
Resonance: E   i
R
nR
R
nR
2
Rotated Continuum: E C   R  i I

NB
1 N R
nR / 2 1 I
  (E  E )  
B
nB  L dE ( E   R ) 2   I2
C

nB  nR ( E   nR )  nR / 4 
R 2 2

Descretization
εI εI

E E
2θ

2θ
 Continuum Level Density: ( E )   ( E )   0 ( E )
1   1 1 
( E )   Im Tr   
   E  H  i E  H 0  i  
1
  ImTr  G ( E )  G0 ( E ) 

N
Basis function method:    cnn
n 1


Phase shift calculation in the complex scaled basis
function method
1   d 
( E )  Tr  S ( E ) S ( E ) S.Shlomo, Nucl. Phys. A53
2i  dE  9 (1992), 17.

In a single channel case, S ( E )  exp{2i ( E )}

1 d ( E )
( E ) 
 dE
E
 ( E )    dE ' ( E ' )
0
Phase shift of 8Be=+calculated with discretized app.
Base+CSM: 30 Gaussian basis and =20 deg.
Description of unbound states in the Complex Scaling Method

( H 0  V )  E

H0=T+VC V ；　 Short Range

Interaction
H 0 0  E 0 （ Ψ0; regular at
origin ）
Solutions of Lippmann-Schwinger Equation

1 () 1
  0  V0   0  V0
E  H  i E  H ( )
Complex
Outgoing Scaling A. Kruppa, R. Suzuki and K. Kato, p
waves hys. Rev.C75 (2007), 044602
 T-matrix Tl(k)

Tl(k) ＝

Second term is approximated as

where
●
Lines : Runge-Kutta
method
●
Circles : CSM+Base
 Complex-scaled Lippmann-Schwinger Eq.

• CSLM solution

• B(E1) Strength

Direct breakup

Final state interaction (FSI)

Dalitz distribution of 6He

• Decay process
– Di-neutron-like decay is not seen clearly.

2
E  E1  E 2  k 2k 2 cos 
A cm
６ . Summary and conclusio
n
• It is shown that resonant states play an important role in
the continuum phenomena.
• The resolution of identity in the complex scaling method
is presented to treat the three-body resonant states in the
same way as bound states.
• The complex scaling method is shown to describe not
only resonant states but also non-resonant continuum
states on the rotated branch cuts.
• We presented several applications of the extended
resolution of identity in the complex scaling method; sum
rule, break-up strength function and continuum level
density.
Collaboration:
　 S. Aoyama(Niigata Univ.), 　　　 H. Masui(Kitami I. T.),
　 T. Myo (Osaka Tech. Univ.), R. Suzuki(Hokkaido Univ.),
C. Kurokawa(Juntendo Univ.), K. Ikeda(RIKEN)
Y. Kikuchi(Hokkaido Univ.)