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Lines, Parabolas and Systems

This document provides an outline of topics covered in Week 4 of the MATH6102 business mathematics course, including lines, linear functions, quadratic functions, systems of linear equations, nonlinear systems, and exponential functions. Key concepts covered are slope and equations of lines, linear and quadratic function properties and graphing, solving systems of linear equations using elimination, and properties of exponential functions. Examples are provided for determining equations of lines from points, finding the slope and y-intercept of a line, graphing quadratic and exponential functions, and solving systems of linear and nonlinear equations.

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muhammad yahya
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377 views30 pages

Lines, Parabolas and Systems

This document provides an outline of topics covered in Week 4 of the MATH6102 business mathematics course, including lines, linear functions, quadratic functions, systems of linear equations, nonlinear systems, and exponential functions. Key concepts covered are slope and equations of lines, linear and quadratic function properties and graphing, solving systems of linear equations using elimination, and properties of exponential functions. Examples are provided for determining equations of lines from points, finding the slope and y-intercept of a line, graphing quadratic and exponential functions, and solving systems of linear and nonlinear equations.

Uploaded by

muhammad yahya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH6102 – Business Mathematics

Week 4

Topic 4: Lines, Parabolas and Systems


Chapter Outline

4.1. Lines
4.2. Linear Function
4.3. Quadratic Functions
4.4. Systems of Linear Equations
4.5. Nonlinear System
4.6. Exponential Functions
4.1. LINES
Slope of a Line

• Let
   (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) be to different points on a nonvertical line. The
slope of the line is
 (slope formula)
 (point-slope form)
 (slope-intercept form)
constant  (vertical line)
constant  (horizontal line)
 In summary, we can characterize the orientation of a line by its slope:
Zero slope  horizontal line
Undefined slope  vertical line
Positive slope  line rises from left to right
Negative slope line falls from left to right
Slope of a Line
Example: Point-Slope
Form
•Find
  an equation of the line that has slope 2 and passes
through (1, -3).

Solution:
Using a point-slope m = and (x1, y1) = (1, -3) gives
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
y – (-3) =
y + 3 = 2x – 2
2x – y – 5 = 0
Example: Determining a Line
from Two Points
•   an equation of the line passing through (-3, 8) and (4, -2).
Find

Solution:
The line has slope:
m= = =
Using a point-slope from with (-3, 8) as (x1, y1) gives
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
y – 8 = [x – (-3)]
y – 8 = (x + 3)
7(y – 8) = (x + 3)
7y – 56 = x + 30
10x + 7y – 26 = 0
Example: Slope-Intercept
Form

•   an equation of the line with slope 3 and y-intercept – 4


Find

Solution:
Using a slope-intercept form y = mx + b with m = and b = - 4
gives
y = mx + b
y = 3x – 4
Example: Find the Slope
and y-Intercept of a Line
Find the slope and and y-intercept with equation y = 5(3 – 2x)

Solution:
y = mx + b
y = 5(3 – 2x)
y = 15 – 10x
Thus, m = -10 and b = 15, so the slope is -10 and and y-intercept is 15
4.2. LINEAR FUNCTION
Linear Function

 A linear function was defined as a polynomial function of


degree 1.
 A function f is a linear function which can be written as f(x) =
ax + b where a ≠ 0
 Example, f(x) = 2x + 1
y = 2x + 1
Graphing a General Linear
Equation
Sketch the graph of 2x – 3y + 6 = 0

Solution:
• If x = 0, then – 3y + 6 = 0, so the y-intercept is 2,
line passing through (0, 2).
• If y = 0, then 2x + 6 = 0, so the x-intercept is -3,
line passing through (-3, 0).
4.3. QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
Quadratic Functions

 A quadratic function was defined as a polynomial function of


degree 2
 Quadratic function is written as
 f  x   ax 2  bx  c
where a, b and c are constants and a≠0
 Example, f  x   x 2  3x  2
 f ( x)  1 , is not quadratic
2
x
Graphing a Quadratic Function

The graph of quadratic function y  f  x   ax 2  bx  c


is a parabola
1. If a > 0, the parabola opens upward. If a < 0, the parabola
opens downward.
 b 2
b  4ac 
 
2. The vertex is  2a ,  
4a 
3. The y-intercept is c
4. Axis of symmetry, factorial or
Example: Graphing a Quadratic Function

Graph the quadratic function Y  f  x    X 2  4 X  12

Solution:
1. a = -1, b= -4, c = 12, so a < 0, it opens downward
2. The vertex is (-2, 16)
b 4
X    2
2a 2(1)
b 2  4ac (4) 2  4( 1)(12)
Y    16
4a 4(1)
3. Y = 12
4. Axis of symmetry - factorial
0   X 2  4 X  12
0   X  6  X  2 
X 1  6 and X 2  2
4.4. SYSTEMS OF LINEAR
EQUATIONS
Systems of Linear
Equations

• To solve systems of linear equations in both


two and three variables by using the technique
of elimination by addition or by substitution.
Example:
Solving a Two-Variable Linear System
•   elimination by addition to solve the system.
Use

Solution:
|x3 
|x4 

/17

–6
4.5. NONLINEAR SYSTEM
Nonlinear System

• A system of equations with at least one nonlinear equation is


called a nonlinear system.
• if a nonlinear system contains a linear equation, usually solve
the linear equation for one variable and substitute for that
variable in the other equation
• Example, x 2  2x  y  7  0

 3x  y  1  0
Solution: x 2  2 x   3 x  1  7  0
x2  x  6  0
 x  3  x  2  0
x  3 or x  2
y  8 or y  7
4.6. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
• The function f defined by
f  x  bx
where b > 0, b  1, and the exponent x is any real number, is
called an exponential function.
• Rules for Exponents:
Example: Exponent

1. 32 = 3 x 3 = 9
2. 24 x 23= 24+3 = 27= 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
3. 55 : 53 = 55-3 = 52= 5 x 5
4. (4 x 2)3 = 43 x 23 = (4 x 4 x 4) x (2 x 2 x 2)
Graph the Exponential
Function
Example:
f(x) = (1/2)x

Solution:
Properties of Exponential
Functions
References

• Ernest F. Haeussler,Richard S. Paul,Richard J. Wood. (2019).


Introductory Mathematical Analysis for Business, Economics,
and the Life and Social Sciences. 14. Pearson Canada Inc.
Ontario. ISBN: 9780134141107.
• Chapter 3, 4.
Thank You

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