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    Hydrology Lecture 2

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    ben joshua mercado
    Weather is defined as the short-term atmospheric conditions of a place, while climate refers to the weather patterns over a long period of time. The document lists several factors that affect weather and climate, including solar radiation, greenhouse gases, evaporation, cloud cover, temperature, humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, and wind. It also describes various instruments used to measure these atmospheric elements, such as a radiometer, thermometer, hygrometer, barometer, anemometer, and rain gauge.

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    Hydrology Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    ben joshua mercado
    39 views36 pages
    Weather is defined as the short-term atmospheric conditions of a place, while climate refers to the weather patterns over a long period of time. The document lists several factors that affect weather and climate, including solar radiation, greenhouse gases, evaporation, cloud cover, temperature, humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, and wind. It also describes various instruments used to measure these atmospheric elements, such as a radiometer, thermometer, hygrometer, barometer, anemometer, and rain gauge.

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    LECTURE

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    Weather is defined as the short-term atmospheric conditions of a place, while climate refers to the weather patterns over a long period of time. The document lists several factors that affect weather and climate, including solar radiation, greenhouse gases, evaporation, cloud cover, temperature, humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, and wind. It also describes various instruments used to measure these atmospheric elements, such as a radiometer, thermometer, hygrometer, barometer, anemometer, and rain gauge.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    39 views36 pages

    Hydrology Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    ben joshua mercado
    Weather is defined as the short-term atmospheric conditions of a place, while climate refers to the weather patterns over a long period of time. The document lists several factors that affect weather and climate, including solar radiation, greenhouse gases, evaporation, cloud cover, temperature, humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, and wind. It also describes various instruments used to measure these atmospheric elements, such as a radiometer, thermometer, hygrometer, barometer, anemometer, and rain gauge.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 36

    WEATHER AND

    CLIMATE
     Weather – condition of the atmosphere
    at a particular place over a short period of
    time (Ex: sunny, rainy, windy)
    DEFINITION  Climate – refers to the weather pattern
    of a place over a long period, long enough
    to yield meaningful averages (Ex: hot and
    humid)
    Atmospheric conditions:
     Solar radiation
     Evaporation
    FACTORS  Cloud cover or State of the sky
    AFFECTING  Temperature
    WEATHER  Humidity
    AND CLIMATE
     Rainfall (precipitation)
     Atmospheric pressure
     Wind
     Energy emitted by the sun
    SOLAR  Determines weather and climate
    RADIATION
     Measured using a radiometer
    SOLAR
    RADIATION
     Water vapor – most abundant greenhouse gas in
    the atmosphere
     Carbon dioxide – burning of fossil fuels
     Methane – produces from decaying plant or
    GREENHOUSE animal matter
     Chlorofluorocarbons – used as refrigerant in
    GASES
    refrigerator and air-conditioning units
     Nitrous oxide – also called as laughing gas,
    nitrous oxide has been used in surgical and dental
    procedures for years because of its anesthetic and
    analgesic properties
    GREENHOUSE
    GASES
     Amount of water that is returned to air
    EVAPORATION from liquid to gaseous state
     Measured using an evaporation pan
     Refers to the fraction of the sky obscured
    by clouds when observed from a
    CLOUD particular location
    COVER/  OKTAS is the usual unit of measurement
    STATE OF THE of the cloud cover (0-8 OKTAS)
    SKY  0 oktas means clear, 8 oktas means the
    sky is completely covered
    CLOUD
    COVER/
    STATE OF THE
    SKY
     Response to solar radiation
     Terms: MAX, MIN, MEAN, NORMAL
    TEMPERATURE  Measured using a thermometer
     Common units are degree Celsius,
    Farenheit, Kelvin, Rankine
     Water vapor content of the atmosphere
     Indicates likelihood of precipitation, dew or fog
     Relative humidity – expressed as percent,
    measures current absolute humidity relative to
    maximum (highest point) for that temperature
    HUMIDITY  Specific humidity – ratio of water vapor content
    of mixture to total air content on mass basis
     Absolute humidity – water content of air
    expressed in gram per cubic meter
     Amount of humidity in % is measured by
    Hygrometer
     Amount of water that is released from
    RAINFALL/ the atmosphere
    PRECIPITATION  Measured in mm by using a rain gauge
     Force exerted on a surface by air above it
    as gravity pulls it to Earth
     Measured using a Barometer
     Common values are:
    ATMOSPHERIC  1 atm
    PRESSURE  1013 millibars
     101 325 Pa
     760 mm Hg
     760 Torr
     14.7 psi
     Air in motion
     Has magnitude and direction
    WIND
     Measured using anemometer and wind
    vane or aero vane
    WEATHER
    INSTRUMENTS
     CAMPBELL STOKE SUNSHINE RECORDER –
    continuous record of bright sun shine hour is
    obtained by sunshine recorder; consists of a
    spherical glass mounted on a stand. When the
    SOLAR sun rays fall on the glass, a strip of prepared
    RADIATION paper held in a grove at the focus length starts
    burning
     RADIOMETER – device used for measuring
    radiant flux of electromagnetic radiation
    CAMPBELL
    STOKE
    SUNSHINE
    RECORDER
    RADIOMETER
     STEVENSON SCREEN – a shelter for
    thermometer, hydrometer and other
    instruments used in measuring temperature
    and humidity
    TEMPERATURE  MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM THERMOMETER
    – consists of two horizontally placed
    thermometers. One records the minimum
    temperature of the day and the other records
    the maximum temperature of the day
    STEVENSON
    SCREEN
    MIN AND MAX
    THERMOMETE
    R
     SLING PSYCHROMETER – instrument is
    swung freely in the air or is aerated by a fan,
    the loss of heat required to evaporate water
    from the wet bulb will cause it to show lower
    temperature reading
    HUMIDITY  HYGROMETER – this device use a human or
    animal hair under tension. Hair is hygroscopic,
    its length changes with humidity and the
    length change may be magnified by a
    mechanism and indicated on a dial or scale.
    SLING
    PSYCHROMETER
    HYGROMETER
     BAROMETER – used to measure atmospheric
    pressure, instantaneously
    PRESSURE  BAROGRAPH – recording minute fluctuation
    of atmospheric pressure
    BAROMETER
    BAROGRAPH
     AERO VANE - indicates both the wind direction
    and wind speed or simply the wind velocity. It is
    shaped like an airplane. The nose of the plane
    points to the direction from which the wind
    blows and the rotation of the propeller
    WIND measures the wind speed.
     ANEMOMETER - used for the measurement of
    wind speed. Either three or four metal
    hemispheres are mounted on arms which
    rotate freely about a vertical axis.
    AERO VANE
    ANEMOMETER
    • RAINGAUGE - is a device used for measuring the
    amount of rainfall. It is 8 in. in diameter. The rainfall
    collected is being measured with the use of a dipstick
    with a measurement on it.
    • TIPPING BUCKET RECORDER AND RAIN GAUGE -
    rainfall entering the funnel collector is directed to the
    RAINFALL tipping bucket assembly. When the incremental
    amount of precipitation has been collected, the
    buckets assembly tips and activates a magnetic reed
    switch. The sample is discharged through the base of
    the gauge.
    RAINGAUGE
    TIPPING
    BUCKET
    RECORDER
    AND RAIN
    GAUGE
     EVAPORATION PAN - is a device which
    measures the amount of water evaporated in
    certain time from a surface. It consists of a
    round reservoir with a diameter of 47.5 inches
    EVAPORATION and depth of ten inches. The tank is filled with
    water up to two and half inches from the top.
    The decrease by noting the level of water with
    the help of a vernier scale
    EVAPORATION
    PAN

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