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Analog & Digital Communication (EC 1842)

This document provides an overview of analog and digital communication systems. It discusses the key concepts of signals, modulation, communication blocks and types of modulation. The main points are: 1) It defines analog and digital signals and their differences. Analog signals are continuous while digital signals are discrete. 2) A communication system transfers information between two points using transmission and reception. It discusses wired, wireless, analog and digital systems. 3) The basic blocks of a communication system are the information source, transmitter, channel, receiver and destination. The transmitter encodes the message into a signal and the receiver decodes it back. 4) Modulation involves combining a message signal with a carrier signal to allow for efficient

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Mayank Choudhary
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80 views

Analog & Digital Communication (EC 1842)

This document provides an overview of analog and digital communication systems. It discusses the key concepts of signals, modulation, communication blocks and types of modulation. The main points are: 1) It defines analog and digital signals and their differences. Analog signals are continuous while digital signals are discrete. 2) A communication system transfers information between two points using transmission and reception. It discusses wired, wireless, analog and digital systems. 3) The basic blocks of a communication system are the information source, transmitter, channel, receiver and destination. The transmitter encodes the message into a signal and the receiver decodes it back. 4) Modulation involves combining a message signal with a carrier signal to allow for efficient

Uploaded by

Mayank Choudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog & Digital Communication

( EC 1842 )
Lecture 1
Outlines
• Signal
• Analog and Digital Signal
• What is Communication System?
• Types of Communication System
• Example of Communication System
• Communication Block Diagram
• What is Signal Modulation?
• Types of Modulation
• Demodulation
Signal
• A signal is an electromagnetic or electrical
current that carries data from one system or
network to another.
• In electronics, a signal is often a time-varying
voltage that is also an electromagnetic wave
carrying information, though it can take on
other forms, such as current.
• There are two main types of signals used in
electronics: analog and digital signals
Analog Signal
• An analog signal is time-varying and generally bound
to a range (e.g. +12V to -12V), but there is an infinite
number of values within that continuous range.
• An analog signal uses a given property of the
medium to convey the signal’s information, such as
electricity moving through a wire.
• In an electrical signal, the voltage, current, or
frequency of the signal may be varied to represent
the information.
Analog Signal
Analog signals are often calculated responses to changes in light, sound,
temperature, position, pressure, or other physical phenomena.
Digital Signal
• A digital signal is a signal that represents data
as a sequence of discrete values. A digital
signal can only take on one value from a finite
set of possible values at a given time.
Difference Between Analog And Digital
Signal
Communication System
• The communication system is a system which
describes the information exchange between two
points. The process of transmission and reception
of information is called communication.
Types of Communication System
• Depending on Signal specification or technology, the
communication system is classified as follows:
• (1) Analog
• Analog technology communicates data as electronic signals of
varying frequency or amplitude. Broadcast and telephone
transmission are common examples of Analog technology.
• (2) Digital
• In digital technology, the data are generated and processed in
two states: High (represented as 1) and Low (represented as
0). Digital technology stores and transmits data in the form of
1s and 0s.
Analog & Digital Communication
Depending on the communication channel, the
communication system is categorized as follows:

• Wired (Line • Wireless (Space
communication) communication)
• Parallel wire • Ground wave
communication communication
• Twisted wire • Sky wave
communication communication
• Coaxial cable • Space wave
communication communication
• Optical fibre • Satellite communication
communication
Examples Of Communication Systems

• The following are a few examples of


communication systems:
• 1. Internet
• 2. Public Switched Telephone network
• 3. Intranet and Extranet
• 4. Television
Block Diagram of Communication Systems
• Information
Message or information is the entity that is to be transmitted. It can be in
the form of audio, video, temperature, picture, pressure, etc.
• Signal
The single-valued function of time that carries the information. The
information is converted into an electrical form for transmission.
• Transducer
A device or an arrangement that converts one form of energy to the
other. An electrical transducer converts physical variables such as
pressure, force, temperature into corresponding electrical signal
variations. Example: Microphone – converts audio signals into electrical
signals. Photodetector – converts light signals into electrical signals.
• Amplifier
The electronic circuit or device that increases the amplitude or the
strength of the transmitted signal is called an amplifier. When the signal
strength becomes less than the required value, amplification can be
done anywhere in between transmitter and receiver. A DC power
source will provide for the amplification.

• Modulator
As the original message signal cannot be transmitted over a large distance
because of their low frequency and amplitude, they are superimposed
with high frequency and amplitude wave called carrier wave. This
phenomenon of superimposing of message signal with a carrier wave is
called modulation.
• Transmitter
It is the arrangement that processes the message signal into a suitable form for
transmission and subsequently reception.
• Antenna
An Antenna is a structure or a device that is radiate and receive
electromagnetic waves. So, they are used in both transmitters and receivers.
An antenna is basically a metallic object, often a collection of wires. The
electromagnetic waves are polarised according to the position of the
antenna.
• Channel
A channel refers to a physical medium such as wire, cables, space through
which the signal is passed from transmitter to the receiver. There are many
channel impairments that affect the channel performance to a pronounced
level. Noise, Attenuation and distortion to mention the major impairments.
• Noise
Noise is one of the channel imperfection or
impairment in the received signal at the
destination. There are external and internal
sources that cause noise. 
Attenuation

• Attenuation is a problem caused by the medium. When


the signal is propagating for a longer distance through
a medium, depending on the length of the medium the
initial power decreases.
• The loss in initial power is directly proportional to the
length of the medium.
• Using amplifiers, the signal power is strengthened or
amplified so as to reduce attenuation.
• Also, digital signals are comparatively less prone to
attenuation than analogue signals.
Effect of Attenuation
• Receiver
An arrangement that extracts the message or
information from the transmitted signal at the output
end of the channel and reproduces it in a suitable form
as the original message signal is a receiver.
• Demodulator
It is the inverse phenomenon of modulation. The process
of separation of message signal from the carrier wave
takes place in the demodulator. The information is
retrieved from the modulated wave.
What is Signal Modulation?

• A message carrying signal has to get transmitted over a


distance and for it to establish a reliable communication, it
needs to take the help of a high frequency signal which should
not affect the original characteristics of the message signal.
Carrier signal
• The characteristics of the message signal, if changed,
the message contained in it also alters.
• Hence it is a must to take care of the message signal.
• A high frequency signal can travel up to a longer
distance, without getting affected by external
disturbances.
• We take the help of such high frequency signal which is
called as a carrier signal to transmit our message
signal.
• Such a process is simply called as Modulation.
Modulation

• Modulation is the process


of changing the parameters
of the carrier signal, in
accordance with the
instantaneous values of the
modulating signal.
Types of Modulation

• There are three types of modulation, namely:


• Frequency Modulation
• Amplitude Modulation
• Phase Modulation

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