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String Operatons

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20 views26 pages

String Operatons

Uploaded by

ashokkumarazk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Stack

 Temporary storage of data and address.


 Used to save the contents of the registers for
the calling program while a procedure executes.
 one dimensional data structure.
 Items are added and removed from one end of
the structure that is it is processed in Last In
First Out (LIFO) manner.
 The most recent addition to the stack is called
the top of the stack.
Initializing stack
• Initialize the stack segment before using it.
• Syntax

STACKSEGMENT
DW size DUP(‘ ‘)
STACKENDS
 The STACK SEGMENT and STACK ENDS directive
  Stack memory size is left undefined the entire
64KB will be used for stack.
 Hold the upper 16 bits of the starting address.
 Stack Pointer (SP ) register is used to hold the
offset of the last word written on the stack.
 The physical address is produced by adding the SS
and SP.
 SP register is automatically decremented by 2
before a word is written to stack.
TITLE TO FIND THE FACTORIAL OF NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 TO 8
;Define stack segment
STACK SEGMENT
DW 100 DUP(0) ;Set aside 100 words for stack
STACK_TOP LABEL WORD ;Assign name to word above stack top
STACK ENDS
 
;Define Data segment
DATA SEGMENT
NUM EQU 05 ;Number to find the factorial
OPT DB '5!=' ;Output the result
RESULT DB 6 DUP(0)
DATA ENDS
 
CODE SEGMENT
ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA,SS:STACK
MAIN:
;Intialize DS
MOV AX,DATA
MOV DS,AX
;Initialize SS
MOV AX,STACK
MOV SS,AX
 
MOV SP,OFFSET STACK_TOP;Initialize stack pointer
SUB SP,0004H ;Make place in the stack for the result
PUSH and PUSHF instruction
• To add a new word to the stack we PUSH
instruction. PUSH source

• Where source is a 16-bit register or memory


word.
Example :PUSH AX
 Execution of PUSH causes the following to
happen SP is decreased by 2
 A copy of the source content is moved to the
address specified by SS:SP. The source is
unchanged.
 The instruction PUSHF, which has no operands,
pushes the contents of the FLAGS register onto
stack.
 
PUSH
POP and POPF

• To remove the top item from the stack, the


POP instruction is used
POP destination
• Where destination is a 16-bit register or
memory word.
Example

 POP AX ;POP the item on top of the stack and


store it in AX
 Execution of POP causes the following to happen
 The content of SS: SP is moved to the destination.
 SP is increased by 2
 The instruction POPF, which has no operands,
copies the contents top of the stack into the FLAGS
register.
POP
 
CALL instruction

 To invoke a procedure, the CALL instruction is


used.
 Two kinds of procedure calls, direct and
indirect call.
• Syntax for Direct call
CALL procedure-name

• Syntax for Indirect call

CALL address-expression
Address expression specifies the register or memory
location containing the address of the procedure
 Actions are taken when a CALL instruction is
executed.
 The return address to the calling program is
saved on the stack, which is the offset of the
next instruction after the CALL statement.
 The segment: offset of this instruction is in CS:IP
at the time the call is executed.
 IP gets the address of the first instruction of the
procedure.
RET instruction

 The RET (return) instruction causes control to


transfer back to the calling procedure.
 Every procedure (except the main procedure)
should have a RET; usually it's the last
statement in the procedure.
RET [pop-value]
 pop-value is optional.
 For a NEAR procedure, execution of RET causes
the stack to be popped into IP.
 If a pop value N is specified, it is added to SP, and
thus has the effect of removing N additional
bytes from the stack.
 CS:IP now contains the segment: offset of the
return ad­dress, and control returns to the calling
program.
String Instructions
 A nice feature of the 8086 is its ability to handle
strings.
 A string is collection of bytes ,words , words or
long-words that can upto 64KB in length.
 Group of characters that resides in consecutive
memory locations.
 Some of the various string operations
MOVE,COMPARE,SCAN,LOAD,STORE,REPEAT,
AUTO Indexing
MOVE Operation
• Moving a string of data from one memory
location to elsewhere in the memory.
• MOVE instructions are used.
(a) MOVS Destination-string , Source-String
Points to Remember
 For the Destination-string, the segment: Offset
registers are ES:DI. For the source –string , the
segment: Offset registers are the DS:SI
 Before Execution of the instruction initialize DI and SI
registers.
 Direction flag is cleared ,SI and DI will auto-increment
otherwise if it is set , SI and DI will auto-decrement.
 The direction flag can be cleared with the CLD
instruction and set with STD instruction.
 CX must be initialized to the proper count
MOVSB instruction
 Moves a single byte from source string to
destination string.
 It copies the contents of byte addressed by
DS:SI to the byte addressed by ES:DI.
 The contents of the source byte are unchanged.
 Both SI and DI are automatically incremented if
DF=0, or decremented if DF=1.
Syntax
MOVSB
  
MOVSW instruction

 Moves a word from source string to destination


string.
 It copies the contents of word addressed by DS:SI to
the word addressed by ES:DI.
 Contents of the source byte are unchanged.
 Both SI and DI are automatically incremented by 2 if
DF=0, or decremented by 2 if DF=1.
Syntax
MOVSW
 
CMPSB instruction
 Subtracts the byte with address ES:DI from
the byte with address DS:SI, and sets the flags.
 The result is not stored. Afterward, both SI
and DI are incre­mented if DF = 0, or
decremented if DF = 1.

CMPSB

The CMPSB instruction affects all the flags.


CMPSW instruction

 Instruction subtracts the word with address


ES:DI from the word with address DS:SI, and
sets the flags.
 The result is not stored.
 Afterward, both SI and DI are incre­mented by
2 if DF = 0, or decremented by 2 if DF = 1.
• Syntax
– CMPSW

The CMPSW instruction affects all the flags.

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