Topic: UNDERSTANDING FUNCTION AND RELATION

Relation: is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called domain) to
a second set of values (called range).

Take Note!
the elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine that
applies a rule to these inputs to generate one or more outputs.

is also a set of ordered pairs (x,y).

Function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in
the range by some rule.

Take Note!
 The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine that applies a rule
so that each input corresponds to only one output.

 A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same
x-value but different y-values.
Ways to describe the function:
1. mapping diagram
2 a

4 b
3 c

x 1 2 3 4
2. table of values y 2 4 6 8

Chart Title
6

3. graph 5

0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

4. set of ordered pairs: A = {(2,1), (3,4), (5,7)}

5 equation : y = x + 1
To understand further the function. Let’s study the following.
Given the ordred pairs, which relations are functions or not.
• A = {(1,2), (2,5), (3,10), (4,17)}
• B = {(1,2), (2,3), (2,0), (3,5)}

Relation A is function because each element in the domain corresponds to no

more than one value in the range.

Relation B is not a function since the domain element 2 is assigned to two

different values in the range.
Given the table of values, which relations are functions or not.
x 1 2 3
A y 2 4 6

x 2 0 2
B y 1 3 5

x 4 5 6
C y 1 1 1

A - is a function, since each input matches with only one output value.
B - is not a function, since the input value 2 has two output values, 1 & 5.
c - is a function, since each input matches with exactly one output value 0.
 Given the mapping diagram, which relations are functions or not.
A. B. C.

A & B - are functions, since each input matches with only one output value.
C - is not a function, since the input value 3 has four output values.
 Given the graph, which relations are functions or not. Using the vertical
line test.
A. B. C.

A & B - are functions, since it pass the vertical line test.

C - is not a function, does not pass the vertical line test.
 Given the graph, which relations are functions or not. Using the vertical
line test.
A. B. C.

A & B - are functions, since it pass the vertical line test.

C - is not a function, does not pass the vertical line test.
 Given the equation, which of the following are functions or not.
 

A. y=x+1 B. y = x2 C. x2 + y2 = 1

A & B - are functions, since there is only one value for y. ex. if x = 2
A. y = x + 1 B. y = x2
=2+1 = 22
=3 =4
C - is not a function, because it corresponds more than one y-value. ex. if x = 0
C. x2 + y2 = 1
y2 = 1- x2

y = 1 or -1
Representing function in real life situations.
ex. 1 Given a function (C) that can represent the cost of buying (x) meals, if one
meal costs 30 pesos.
solution: Since each meal costs 30 pesos, then the cost function is C(x) = 30x
ex. 2 If distance (D) is a function of time (t), give the function D that can
represent the distance a motorcycle travels in t time, if every hour the
motorcycle travels 50 km.
solution: Since every hour, the motorcycle travels 50 km, then distance
function is D(t) = 50t
ex. 3 Given a function (B) that can represent the amount of battery charge of
phone in (h) hour, if 10% of battery is loss every hour.
solution: Since every hour losses 10% of the battery, then the amount of
battery function is B(h) = 100-0.10h
Running faucet: In every minute there is 15 liters of water wasted.
L(x) = 15x

No. of minutes (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6

No. of liters (L(x)) 15

how the number of liters of water wasted increases as the number of minutes
the faucet runs increases.
Piecewise Function is a function in which more than one formula is used
to define the output.
Ex.1 A user is charged 300 pesos monthly for a particular mobile plan,
which includes 100 free text messages. Messages in excess of 100 are
charged 1 peso each. Represent the amount a consumer pays each
month as a function of the number of messages m sent in a month.

solution: Let t(m) represent the amount paid by the consumer each
month. It can be expressed by the piecewise function.
t(m) = 300 if 0 <m < 100
300 + m if m > 100
Ex. A jeepney ride costs 8 pesos for the first 4 kilometers, and each
additional integer kilometer adds 1.50 pesos to the fare. Use a
piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of the
distance d in kilometers.

Solution: The input value is distance and the output is the cost of the
jeepney fare. If F(d) represents the fare as a function of distance, the
function can be represented as follows:
F(d) = 8 if 0 < d < 4
8 + 1.5 (d) if d > 4
Try This!
Find x.

x
3

answer:___________
ACTIVITY 1:

If x = 2, find:

1. y = x - 6
2. y = 2x + 7
3. y = x2 +3x -2
Evaluating Functions
- means replacing the variable in the function, to denote that we
are evaluating f at x for some x in the domain of f, we write f(x).

look at these examples.

Ex. 1. f(x) = 5x - 2, if x = 1
f(1) = 5(1) - 2
f(1) = 5 - 2
f(1) = 3
Ex. 2. h(x) = x2 + 7, if x = 2
 

h(2) = (2)2 + 7
h(2) = 4 + 7
h(2) = 11

Ex. 3. g(x) = if x = 5
g(5) =
g(5) =
g(5) =
g(5) = 5
Ex. 4. c(x) = 2x + 1, if x = b + 2
 

c(b + 2) = 2(b + 2) + 1
c(b + 2) = 2b + 4 + 1
c(b + 2) = 2b + 5

Ex. 5. d(x) = if x = 7
d( 7) =
d( 7) =
ACTIVITY 2:
answer the following:

1. (x + 5) + (x - 2) = ___________
2. (x - 1) - (2x + 3) = ___________
3. (3x) . (x-1) =__________
4. (4x -2) / (2) =____________
Topic: Operation on Functions
operation on function are similar to operations on numbers. Adding,
subtracting and multiplying two or more numbers together will result in
another function. Dividing two functions will also result in another
function if the denominator is not the zero function.
Definition: let f & g be any two functions.

a. sum: (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)

b. difference: (f - g) (x) = f(x) - g(x)

c. product: (f . g) (x) = f(x) . g(x)

d. quotient: (f/g) (x) = f(x)/g(x), where g(x) ≠ 0

Example: f(x) = 4x, g(x) = x + 1
a. sum: (f + g) (x) = 4x + (x+1) = 5x + 1

b. difference: (f - g) (x) = 4x - (x+1) = 3x - 1

c. product: (f . g) (x) = 4x . (x+1) = 4x2 + 4x

d. quotient: (f/g) (x) = 4x/x+1, x not equal to -1

Topic: Composition of Function
Definition:
The composition of function f with g is defined by the equation (f o g) (x) = f(g(x)).
the domain of the composition function f o g is the set of all x such that x is in the
domain of g and g(x) is in the domain of f.
ex.1 given f(x) = 4x-5 and g(x) = x2 + 4 ,
find: a. (f o g) (x) b. (g o f) (x)
b. sol. (g o f) (x) = g(f(x)) = (f(x))2 + 4
a. sol. (f o g) (x) = f(g(x)) = 4(g(x))-5
= (4x-5)2 + 4
= 4 (x2 + 4) -5 = 16x2 - 40x + 25 + 4
= 4x2 + 16 - 5 = 16x2 - 40x + 29
= 4x2 + 11

note: not all the time f o g = g o f