Chapter Five

Viscoplasticity
Viscoplasticity
Chapter Overview Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• While ANSYS’s creep options were discussed in the previous
chapter, this section will focus on three other viscoplastic
constitutive models available in ANSYS.
• In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:
A. Background on Viscoplasticity
B. RATE viscoplasticity option (Perzyna and Peirce)
C. ANAND viscoplasticity option (Anand’s model)
D. Solution Procedure for Viscoplastic Models

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A. Background on Viscoplasticity Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• In contrast to rate-independent plasticity discussed earlier,
rate-dependent plasticity is dependent on the strain rate or
time. From a material standpoint, viscoplasticity and creep
are the same.
– Usually, for engineering purposes, creep is used to describe the
evolution of strain under a constant load. Creep deformation
usually is important when the temperature is about 30-60% of the
material’s melting temperature. Also, the time period tends to be
much longer; the creep and plastic strains are decoupled.
– In ANSYS, the Perzyna and Peirce models (TB,RATE) are meant
for high-strain rate (i.e., impact) loading situations. The inelastic
strains are not decoupled.
– Anand’s model is similar to ANSYS creep laws, although the main
difference is that an internal variable, deformation resistance, is
used to represent isotropic resistance to inelastic material flow.
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... Background on Viscoplastic Theory Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• Summary of rate-dependent plasticity models in ANSYS:
CREEP RATE 1 ANAND
Behavior Strain rate- or time-dependent
Isotropic or anisotropic creep (see Isotropic or anisotropic Isotropic
HILL below) viscoplasticity (see HILL below)
Yield Surface No explicitly defined yield surface Includes yield surface No explicitly defined yield
surface. However, includes
evolution equation.
Combination with Possible to combine with Rate-independent plasticity model is No additional rate-independent
rate-independent plasticity, which is decoupled with required. Inelastic strains are plasticity allowed. Inelastic
plasticity creep strains coupled strains are coupled

BISO, MISO, NLISO, BKIN, HILL BISO, MISO, NLISO, HILL None
Strain Rates Suitable for small strain rates Suitable for large strain rates Suitable for small strain rates
Time scale Long periods, creep and plasticity Short periods, usually for impact- Short/medium periods
have different time scales type problems
Temperature Temperature effects included as Can input temperature-dependent Anand's equation considers
Effects part of equation (or material material constants, but equations do temperature effects directly. No
constants can be temperature- not consider temp effects directly need to input temperature-
dependent) 2 dependent material constants
Supported Implicit - core and 18x Core and 18x VISCO106-108
Element Types 3 Explicit - core and misc
1 “RATE” includes Peirce and Perzyna models.
2 Temperature-dependent material constants available for implicit creep
3 Core Elements = PLANE42, SOLID45, PLANE82, SOLID92, SOLID95
18x Elements = LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182-183, SOLID185-187, BEAM188-189
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Viscoplasticity
... Background on Viscoplastic Theory Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• ANSYS’s explicit and implicit creep options were discussed
in the previous chapter.
• This section will focus on the latter two viscoplastic options
available in ANSYS – Peirce and Perzyna (TB,RATE) and
Anand’s model (TB,ANAND).

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Viscoplasticity
B. RATE viscoplasticity option Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• ANSYS has a general rate-dependent plasticity model simply
referred to as “RATE”.

We define stress-strain as a rate formulation:   D :  el

Based on additive strain rate decomposition:    el   in
Based on the viscoplastic flow rule, the
equivalent inelastic strain can be written as:
where f is the yield function and  is the
viscosity parameter

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... RATE viscoplasticity option Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

The development of the Perzyna and Peirce models:
Perzyna Model Peirce Model
n
     n 
   1       1
o    o  
 
 in    in  
n
     n 
 in     1  in       1
o    o 



1
  in  
n 1

  1    in  n

  1 
  o   o
    n
1 1
n

  1      o
in    in 
  1     o
       
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... RATE viscoplasticity option Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• We can see from the previous slide that the RATE
viscoplasticity model relates the equivalent effective stress
to the static yield stress of the material.

  S R  in  o
Equivalent effective Strain rate Static yield stress
stress hardening (TB,BISO/MISO/NLISO)
[Stress ratio]
(TB,RATE) 3

    
m PERZYNA
S R  in   1  

Stress Ratio
 in
  Perzyna Model
 2
   
m PEIRCE
   in 
S R  in   1  
1
  Peirce Model
    0
0 1 2 3 4 5
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Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• This means that the stress ratio changes as a function of
strain rate.
– Below is an example of a model which changes strain rate
between 1e-2 and 1e-3. Note how yield stress changes.

  10 2 s 1

  10 3 s 1

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Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• Some assumptions regarding the RATE models:
– The RATE models require a rate-independent constitutive model
to define the static yield stress. The viscoplastic response can
be thought of as a multiplier on the static yield stress to obtain
an effective stress. The rate-independent models can be BISO,
MISO, or NLISO. Anisotropy can be specified with HILL.
– The response is calculated from the inelastic strain:     
in pl vp
Plastic and viscoplastic strains are coupled.
– Hence, RATE formulation is good for two mechanisms at similar
time scale - high strain rate application, such as impact loading.
– Rate-independent and rate-dependent strains are not separable.
Output of total inelastic strains will be ‘plastic strains (EPPL)’.
– All material constants can be temperature-dependent in order to
include thermal effects.

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... RATE viscoplasticity option Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• Some points regarding the RATE models:
– When    or 

pl  0 , the solution converges to the rate-

independent solution. When m  0, Peirce converges to 1x

static solution whereas Perzyna converges to 2x static solution.
– Peirce is numerically more stable when m=1/n is small (< 0.2)
Note that in the graph on the
right, m is a small value. 3

Perzyna model shows a PERZYNA

Stress Ratio (/o)

much steeper initial curve.
Peirce, on the other hand, 2

is much more numerically

stable. PEIRCE
1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Normalized strain rate (’pl/) September
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Viscoplasticity
... Supported Element Types for RATE Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• Element types supported for viscoplastic RATE material:
– “Core” elements: PLANE42, SOLID45, PLANE82, SOLID92, and
SOLID95
– “18x” family of elements: LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182,
PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, BEAM188, and
BEAM189.

• The 18x family of elements are the recommended choice for

models containing viscoplasticity (RATE).
– Because of the wide range of element technology available in
the 18x series (refer to Chapter 2 of this seminar), these
elements offer greater flexibility and power. These formulations
include B-Bar, URI, Enhanced Strain, and Mixed U-P.
– The 18x series also support more constitutive models than the
core elements, including hyperelasticity.
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Viscoplasticity
... Defining RATE Material Properties Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

All viscoplastic models can be selected in the Materials GUI:
– Structural > Nonlinear > Inelastic > Rate Dependent
> Visco-Plasticity > Isotropic Hardening Plasticity

Remember to define
linear elastic materials
first (EX and PRXY).

If not, the Materials

GUI will prompt you
for this information
when defining the
viscoplastic
properties.
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Viscoplasticity
... Defining RATE Material Properties Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• For this example, we’ve selected Anisotropic Viscoplasticity
with Bilinear Isotropic Hardening.
– Select the RATE model (Perzyna or Peirce) in the pop-up menu
– Enter RATE constants (exponent m and viscosity ).

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... Defining RATE Material Properties Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• After entering the RATE constants, the rate-independent
plasticity parameters dialog box will appear.
– In this case, we enter the values for bilinear isotropic hardening
model (BISO), namely the yield stress and tangent modulus.

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Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• Finally, we need to input the HILL parameters to specify the
anisotropy
– The six stress ratios need to be input in the dialog box below.

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... Defining RATE Material Properties Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• The various combinations of viscoplasticity and plasticity
models which can be used are shown below:
– Note that, depending on the option selected, different types of
elastic, plastic, and viscoplastic input may be required.
– All input data can also be temperature-dependent.

Viscoplasticity Harde ning Law

Viscoplasticity Bilinear Isotropic
(TB,RATE) Hardening (TB,BISO)
Multilinear Isotropic
Hardening (TB,MISO)
Nonlinear Isotropic
Hardening (TB,NLISO)
Anisotropic Bilinear Isotropic
Viscoplasticity Hardening (TB,BISO)
(TB,RATE + Multilinear Isotropic
TB,HILL) Hardening (TB,MISO)
Nonlinear Isotropic
Hardening (TB,NLISO)
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Viscoplasticity
... Workshop Exercise Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Please refer to your Workshop Supplement:
• Workshop 8: Perzyna Rate-Dependent Plasticity

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Viscoplasticity
C. ANAND viscoplasticity option Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• The rate-dependent plasticity option proposed by Anand has
the following characteristics:
– There is no explicit yield surface and no loading/unloading
criteria that is used (i.e., no Bauschinger effect), unlike rate-
independent models.
– Plastic flow is assumed to occur at all non-zero stress values,
although, at low stresses, the plastic flow may be negligible.
– Anand’s model uses an internal scalar variable called the
deformation resistance (denoted by “s”) to represent the
isotropic resistance to the inelastic flow of the material. This is
output as NL,PSV (plastic state variable).
– The material temperature is assumed to be greater than one half
of the melting temperature.
– Output of inelastic strains is “plastic strain (EPPL)”. Note that
accumulated equivalent plastic strain (NL,EPEQ) is not available.
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Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• Anand’s model was originally developed for high-temperature
metal forming processes such as rolling and deep drawing.
– Anand, L., “Constitutive Equations for Hot-Working of Metals”,
International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 1, pp. 213-231 (1985).
– Brown, S. B., Kim, K. H., and Anand, L., “An Internal Variable
Constitutive Model for Hot Working of Metals”, International
Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 5, pp. 95-130 (1989).

• However, some companies have also used this constitutive

model for other applications, such as analyses of solder joints
in electronics packaging.
– Darveaux, R., “Solder Joint Fatigue Life Model,” Proceedings of
TMS Annual Meeting, pp. 213-218 (1997).
– Darveaux, R., “Effect of Simulation Methodology on Solder Joint
Crack Growth Correlations,” Proceedings of 50th Electronic
Components & Technology Conference, pp. 1048-1058 (2000).
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... ANAND viscoplasticity option Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Anand’s model for viscoplasticity:
The flow equation can be written as:
1
 
Q
   m
 in  Ae RT
sinh   s 
  
At this point, it may be useful to digress and compare Anand’s
model with Generalized Garofalo (hyperbolic sine) creep equation:

C4
where
 sinh  C2   C

 cr  C1e T 3

 1 Q
C  A,
The main difference between
1 Cthe
2  , C 
hyperbolic
3 , C 
sine4 creep equation and
s m R
Anand’s model is the evolution equation [the deformation resistance (s)],
explained next
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... ANAND viscoplasticity option Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

The evolution equations (strain hardening/softening) are:
 a B 
s  ho  B   in
 B 
n
s   Q

B  1 s *  sˆ  in e RT

s* A 

where  in  effective inelastic deformation rate

  effective Cauchy stress
s  deformation resistance
s *  saturation value of deformation resistance
s  time derivative of deformation resistance
T  absolute temperature
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Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Additional terms are defined as material constants:
TBDATA Pa ra me ter De scription Units
Consta nt
1 so initial value of deformation stress
resistance (e.g., psi, MPa)
2 Q/R activation energy divided by energy/volume
universal gas constant (e.g., kJ/mole)
3 A pre-exponential factor 1/time
(e.g., 1/second)
4 x mutiplier of stress dimensionless
5 m strain rate sensitivity of dimensionless
stress
6 ho hardening/softening stress
constant (e.g., psi, MPa)
7 ŝ coefficient for saturation stress
value of deformation (e.g., psi, MPa)
resistance
8 n strain rate sensitivity of dimensionless
saturation value
(deformation resistance)
9 a strain rate sensitivity of dimensionless,
hardening or softening a>1.0

All constants must be positive.

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Viscoplasticity
... ANAND Material Definition Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

The nine material constants for Anand’s model shown on the
previous slide can be defined via commands or the material
GUI (shown next):
– Anand’s model is defined via TB,ANAND
– The nine material constants are defined with TBDATA. No
temperature-dependent constants are allowed since temperature
effects are included in Anand’s equation.
– Remember to define EX and PRXY (and any other necessarily
linear material properties) via MP commands.

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Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Screenshot of defining Anand’s model through materials GUI
– Structural > Nonlinear > Inelastic > Rate-Dependent >
Viscoplasticity > Anand’s Model

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Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• Determination of the material parameters for Anand’s model
is performed by curve-fitting a series of isothermal stress-
strain tensile tests at different temperatures and strain rates.
A detailed discussion of the transformation of experimental
data to material constants can be found in the following
references:
– Anand, L., “Constitutive Equations for Hot-Working of Metals”,
International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 1, pp. 213-231 (1985).
– Brown, S. B., Kim, K. H., and Anand, L., “An Internal Variable
Constitutive Model for Hot Working of Metals”, International
Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 5, pp. 95-130 (1989).

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Viscoplasticity
... Supported Elements for ANAND Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• There are only three element types which support Anand’s
model: VISCO106-108
– VISCO106-108 are penalty-based Mixed U-P elements (refer to
Ch. 2 of this seminar).
• VISCO106 is a lower-order 2D element.
• VISCO107 is a lower-order 3D element.
• VISCO108 is a higher-order 2D element.
– There are no shell or beam elements. Furthermore, VISCO106
and 108 are restricted to plane strain or axisymmetric analyses
only.

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Viscoplasticity
D. Solving Viscoplastic Problems Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• After defining the appropriate element type(s) and material
properties, the solution options will be similar for most
nonlinear problems
Main Menu > Solution > -Analysis Type- Sol’n Control…
Solution Controls > -Basic Tab- Analysis Options
– If needed, specify large displacement/large strain solution by
turning on large displacement effects (NLGEOM,ON).
– Although “time” has importance in a viscoplasticity problem, the
solution can be static or transient. This would exclude or
include inertial effects.
– It is recommended to
use solution control
(SOLCONTROL), which
is on by default.
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... Solving Viscoplastic Problems Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• Nonlinear solutions using viscoplastic materials require an
ending time and adequate number of substeps specified.
Solution Controls > -Basic Tab- Time Control
– Define appropriate ending time (TIME). Remember that TIME, for
a nonlinear static
analysis which has
viscoplasticity, is
important for strain
rate effects.
– Define appropriate
number of substeps
(NSUBST) or time
increment (DELTIM)
to get accurate
results (see next
slide).
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Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• Ensuring that the plastic strain increments are small enough
to capture the response is important for any path-dependent
problem.
Solution Controls > -Nonlinear Tab- Cutback Control
– Cutback control (CUTCONTROL) can be used to specify
maximum allowable plastic strain increment. By default, this
value is 15%.

Recall that, for RATE and ANAND,

all inelastic strains are output as
“plastic strains”. Unlike CREEP,
where plastic and creep strains
are separated, the inelastic strains
are coupled for RATE and ANAND.

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... Reviewing Viscoplastic Results Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• Results such as plastic strains can be reviewed as usual.
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solu …
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Element Solu …
– Inelastic strains are output as plastic strains (EPPL).
– Note that Eff Nu is not
required at 6.0 anymore.
Equivalent strains are
calculated and stored for
SOLID, PLANE, and
SHELL elements.

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Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• Plastic strain energy density is also output. These results
can be plotted or listed per element.
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solu …
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Element Solu …

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Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

• When reviewing results for problems using Anand’s model,
please keep the following in mind:
– Although equivalent plastic strain and its components are
available, accumulated equivalent plastic strains are not
(NL,EPEQ).
– Deformation resistance
(s) can be output via
NL,PSV (plastic state
variable).
– Plastic work per volume
can be output via
NL,PLWK. Using
element tables,
multiply by volume
(VOLU) to get plastic
work.
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Viscoplasticity
References for Further Reading Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Some references on RATE viscoplasticity:
1. Perzyna, P., “Fundamental Problems in Viscoplasticity,”
Advances in Applied Mechanics, Vol. 9, Academic Press, New
York, pp. 313-377 (1968).
2. Pierce, D., Shih, C.F., and Needleman, A., “A Tangent Modulus
Method for Rate Dependent Solids,” Computers & Structures,
Vol. 33, pp. 799-815 (1984).

Useful references on ANAND viscoplasticity:

1. Anand, L., “Constitutive Equations for Hot-Working of Metals”,
International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 1, pp. 213-231 (1985).
2. Brown, S. B., Kim, K. H., and Anand, L., “An Internal Variable
Constitutive Model for Hot Working of Metals”, International
Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 5, pp. 95-130 (1989).
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... Workshop Exercise Training Manual

Advanced Structural Nonlinearities 6.0

Please refer to your Workshop Supplement:
• Workshop 9: Anand’s Model (Rib Forging)

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