ACTION

RESEARCH
METHODS
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

contains details of how the research will

be conducted
 A. Participants and/or Other Source
of Data and Information
*Participants and/or Other Sources of Data and Information
(10%)
Details are provided about the target
participants (ex. Number, characteristics,
sampling procedure, if any) and/or other
source of data information. Clear rationale for
their inclusion in the study is given
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
ACCORDING TO SOURCE
 1. PRIMARY DATA
Primary Data are those gathered from primary sources. The
primary sources are as follows:
a. Individual persons
b. Organized groups or organizations such as associations,
fraternities, schools, business, firms, the church, army, navy,
air force, government, law making bodies, family, tribe, etc.
c. Established practices such as, marriage, religious rites,
legal system, economic system, democracy, system of
morals, etc.
d. Documents in their original forms such as Constitution,
laws, orders, proclamations, treaties, contracts, census and
all kinds of original records, letters, diaries, etc.
e. Living organisms such as animals, fowls, and lowest
forms of living organisms.
 2. SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data are those gathered from secondary sources.
The secondary sources are as follows:

a. Books including dictionaries, encyclopedias,

almanacs, etc.
b. Articles published in professional journals,
magazines, newspapers, and other publications.
c. Unpublished master theses and
dissertations, and other studies
d. Monographs, manuscripts, etc.
e. All other second-hand sources
 SAMPLING

Details should be provided about who

will participate in the research; number of
people and the characteristics of those who
will participate in the research; and how
will the sample be selected and recruited
 General Types of Sampling
1. Probability Sampling. In probability sampling, the sample is a
proportion (a certain percent) of the population and such sample
is selected from the population by means of a systematic way in
which every element of the population has a chance of being
included in the sample
2. Non-probability sampling. In non-probability sampling, the
sample is not a proportion of the population and there is no
system in selecting the sample. The selection depends upon the
situation.
 Probablity Sampling
1. Random Sampling- Population has equal opportunity to be
selected as sample.
2. Systematic Sampling ( Using Slovin’s Formula)
3. Stratified Sampling- Used when population is heterogenous.
Steps in Computing he Size of a Sample (Slovin’s
Formula)
1. Determine the size the study population
2. Decide on the margin of error. As much as possible, the
margin of error should not be higher than 5%. Probably 3% is
an ideal one.
3. Use the formula
n= N
1 + Ne2
In which:
n = the size of the sample
N = the size of the population
e = the margin of error
Steps in Computing he Size of a Sample (Slovin’s
Formula)
n =3,000
=1+3000(.05)2
n =353,
so the sample size is 353
 Non-Probability Sampling
1. Purposive Sampling . Depends on the decision of the researcher.
2. Convenience Sampling also called accidental sampling-
Researcher finds respondent who is easy to locate.
3. Qouta Sampling. When the study involves several group. Each
group must be represented.
4. Snowball Sampling. When the researcher has the idea of the total
number of respondent but do not know where they are.
Steps in Computing he Size of a Sample (Slovin’s
Formula)
4. if the sampling is multistage, or if the population is
stratified, compute the sample proportion (percent)
by dividing the result in Step 3 by the population.
5. Multiply the number of sampling units in each
final sampling stratum by the rate to find the sample
form each final sampling stratum
6. add the samples from all the final sampling strata
to find the total sample
 B. Data Gathering Methods
*Data Gathering Methods and Research Instruments (10%)
 The proposal explains why the data gathering methods
are suited to the nature and purpose of the study.
 The data gathering methods are aligned with the research
questions
 Details about research instruments are presented such as
their sources or how thy will be developed and by whom
and their appropriateness for obtaining the desired kind
of data/information.
 SELECTING THE METHOD OF
COLLECTING DATA
There are several ways of collecting data among
which are the following used in action research:
the questionnaire method, the interview method,
and the experimental method
The Research Instruments or Tools. Most
commonly used research instrument used in
action research are the questionnaire, interview
guide/interview schedule, tests
 QUESTIONNAIRE
A questionnaire is simply a set of questions which, when answered properly by a required
number of properly selected respondents, will supply the necessary information to complete a
research study.
Steps in the preparation of questionnaire:

1. Doing library research.

2. Talking to knowledgeable people.
3. Mastering the guidelines
4. Writing the questionnaire
5. Editing the questionnaire
6. Rewriting the questionnaire
7. Pretesting the questionnaire. This is called dry run. This is the
process of measuring the effectiveness, validity and reliability of
the questionnaire, and determining the clarity of the items, the
difficulty of answering, ease in tabulating responses, and other
problems. The process is to administer the questionnaire to at least
ten persons who have the same characteristics as the study sample
but who will not participate in the study.
8. Writing the questionnaire in its final form
 INTERVIEW

It is defined as a purposeful face to face relationship

between two persons, one of whom called the
interviewer who asked questions to gather
information and the other called the interviewee or
respondents who supplies the information asked for.
THE INTERVIEW INSTRUMENT
1. Interview Schedule. The interview schedule is the same as a questionnaire. The
procedures in preparing and validating an interview schedule are the same as a
questionnaire. The difference between an interview schedule and a questionnaire is
that in the former, the question is read to the respondents for him to answer and his
reply is written by the interviewer. In the latter, the respondent himself reads and
fills out the questionnaire alone without the aid of the researcher.
The interview schedule is used when the researcher knows all the items to be
included in the interview about the hypotheses or specific questions.
2. Interview Guide. The interview guide does not go into details but it
only provides ideas and allows the interviewer to freely pursue
relevant topics in depth. The items provide for flexibility in the
manner, order, and language of questioning.
The interview guide is used when the researcher has a limited
knowledge or information about the topics to be researched on so that
he needs more probing for an in-depth investigation.
3. Tests. A test may be defined as a specific type of measuring
instrument whose general characteristic is that, it forces responses
from a pupil and the responses are considered to be indicative of the
pupil’s skill, knowledge, attitudes, etc.
 C. Data Analysis Plan
Indicates how the data will be analyzed and reported; it should specify
the qualitative and/or quantitative methods that will be used in
analyzing the data gathered for the research.
*Data Analysis Plan (10%)
 The selected methods of data analysis are shown to be appropriate
to the nature of the data/information to be gathered and for
addressing the research questions
 Techniques (ex. Quantitative/statistical, qualitative or both
methods) as well as tools (ex. Software) to be employed are
specified.
 Ethical Issues
Identification of ethical concerns that could possibly
emanate from the conduct of the research, and an
elaborate discussion on how to prevent these from
taking place. It can include, but not limited to the
following: right to conduct a study or investigation to
answer a question, securing free prior and informed
consent from respondents; issues of confidentiality and
anonymity; written approval for use of materials with
copyright (e.g secondary data sets, data collection tools)
 References:
 
 DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017 “Research Management Guidelines” March 20,
2017.
 DepEd Order No. 43, s. 2015 “Revised Guidelines for the Basic Education
Research Fund (BERF)” September 16, 2015
 DepEd Order No. 4, s. 2016 “Amendment to DepEd No. 43, s. 2015”
(Guidelines for the Basic Education Research Fund)
 DepEd Order No. 39, s. 2016 “Adoption of the Basic Education Research
Agenda” June 10, 2016
 Before you are a leader, success is all about
growing yourself.
When you become a leader, success is all about
growing others.
-Jack Welch
THANK YOU..