Equilibrium
An object is in equilibrium only if the resultant of all
forces acting on the particle is equal to zero.
Static Equilibrium – object at rest
Dynamic Equilibrium – objects moving in a straight
path at constant speed.
First Condition of Equilibrium
If an object is in translational equilibrium, then the
resultant of all forces acting on it must be zero
F F F 1 2 F3 ... Fn 0
In terms of x and y components:
F x F1x F2 x F3 x ... Fnx 0
F y F1 y F2 y F3 y ... Fny 0
Example:
Determine the tension in each cord that supports the
200-N hanging box as shown in the figure.
45ᵒ 30ᵒ
200N
Example:
Rope3 shown in the figure below has tension of
150N. Determine T2 and θ2 if weight =160N
T3 T2
40ᵒ θ2
T1
160N
Assignment 1
In the given figure, determine the weights W1 and
W2 that causes tension T=64N.
T1
T 30ᵒ T1
T2 W1
W2
A 150 kg box is suspended from two ropes, the left
one makes an angle of 30 with the vertical, and the
other makes an angle of 40 with the horizontal. What
is the tension in each rope?
Second Condition of Equilibrium
Torque ( ) – measures the ability of the force to
cause rotation.
The point at which an object rotates is called
fulcrum.
The perpendicular distance between the point of
application of the force and the fulcrum is called
moment arm or lever arm (l)
Second Condition of Equilibrium
Torque ( ) = F.l
Unit of torque : N.m. or lb.ft
Torque is positive (+) if the force causes an object to
rotate counterclockwise and negative (-) if it causes
the object to rotate clockwise.
Second Condition of Equilibrium
In Rotational Equilibrium:
1 2 3 ... n 0
Where 1 , 2 , 3 , n represent the torques produced
by forces F1, F2, F3, and Fn
Example
A beam 3m long has a weight of 100N at one end
(left) and another weight of 50N at the other end.
The weight of the beam is negligible. Find the
balance point of the beam
Example
A 4m wooden platform is suspended from the roof of
a house by ropes attched to its ends. A painter
weighing 700N stands 1.5m from the right end of the
platform. The platform weighs 150N. Find the
tension in each ropes.
Assignment 2
A 20-kg child and a 35-kg child sit at opposite ends
of a 4m seesaw that is pivoted at its center. Where
should another 20 kg child sit in order to balance the
seesaw?
Assignment 3
A 25N weight is attached to one end of a 3m uniform
beam whose weight is 30 N. where is the balance
point of the system?
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
The gravitational force (F) between any two masses, m1
and m2 , is proportional to the product of the masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance, r, that separate their centers.
m1m2
F G 2 Where G is the universal law of gravitation constant
r SI unit: 11
G 6.67 10 N m / kg
2 2
English unit:
G 3.44 10 8 lb ft 2 / slug 2
Example
The force of attraction between Jose and his 40kg
classmate, Maria is . Determine the mass of Jose if
they are 2m away from each other.
Derive the gravitational acceleration using the
Universal Law of Gravitation
Mass of the Earth =
Radius of the Earth =
Johannes Kepler’s Three Laws of
Planetary Motion
First Law
Law of Elliptical Orbit
The orbit of each planet about the sun is an ellipse with the sun
at one focus.
Second Law
Law of Equal Areas
Each planet moves so
that the imaginary line
drawn from the sun to
the planet sweeps out
equal areas in equal
times
Third Law
Law of Harmony 2
𝑎 13
𝑇 1
=
The ratio of the squares of 𝑇 2
2
𝑎2
3
the periods of any two
planets about the sun is Where T1 and T2 are the
periods (time for one orbit) of
equal to the ratio of the the planet
cubes of their average a1 and a2 are the average
distances from the sun. radius (semi-major axis)
Example
Verify the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun.
Where in the mean solar distance of Venus is . If the
Earth orbits the sun once a year, what is the mean
distance from the sun?
Periodic Motion
A MOTION THAT REPEATS ITSELF AT
REGULAR TIME INTERVALS.
Examples
Guitar string
Spring moving up / down
Swinging Pendulum
Analog Clock / ticking of the clock
Beating of the heart
Rotation of the Earth
(many more)
Quantities in Oscillating systems
Period(T)
The time to complete one oscillation or cycle.
Oscillation (cycle)
Movement back and forth at a regular speed.
Frequency (f)
The number of cycles or oscillations per unit time
1Hz=1
Example
A medical imaging device produces ultrasound by
oscillating with a period of 0.400μs. What is the
frequency of this oscillation?
The frequency of middle C on a typical musical
instrument is 264Hz. What is the time for one
complete oscillation?
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
is a special type of periodic motion or oscillation
where the restoring force is directly proportional to
the displacement and acts in the direction opposite
to that of displacement.
name given to oscillatory motion for a system where
the net force can be described by Hooke’s Law, and
such a system is called a Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Recall Circular Motion
Frequency of SHM
where k= spring’s constant, m=mass
Period of SHM
Conditions needed for SHM
Acceleration (force) acts in
the opposite direction to
displacement.
Acceleration is proportional
to displacement.
𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝒂= =𝒓 𝝎 𝒂= = 𝒙 𝝎𝟐
𝒓 𝒙
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝑋 cos 𝜔 𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 )=− 𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜔 𝑡
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝑋 cos 𝜔 𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 )=− 𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜔 𝑡
Amplitude – maximum displacement from equilibrium
Damping in an Oscillating System
Critically damped- the condition in which the
damping of an oscillator results in it returning
quickly
Undamped – period and frequency are nearly the
same all through the operation of the system.
(friction is negligible, equilibrium state)
Damping in an Oscillating System
Overdamped - may overshoot the equilibrium
position, but will reach equilibrium over a longer
period of time.
Underdamped - the system will return to
equilibrium faster but will overshoot and cross over
one or more times.
Waves
A wave is a disturbance that
propagates, or moves from
the place where it was
created.
Propagation velocity (v) – wave velocity or
propagation speed.
Wavelength () – the distance between adjacent
identical parts of a wave.
Types of Waves
Transverse wave
or shear wave –
wave that propagates
in the horizontal
direction while the
surface is disturbed
in the vertical
direction. S-wave
Types of Waves
Longitudinal or
compressional
wave – the
disturbance is
parallel to the
direction of the
wave. P-waves
