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Chemical Process Calculations: Sweta C Balchandani Faculty, SOT-Chemical, Pdpu

This document provides an overview of chemical processes and unit operations. It defines a process as a series of operations that causes physical or chemical changes to convert raw materials into products. Processes can be classified as batch, continuous, or semi-batch based on how materials enter and leave the process over time. They can also be classified as steady or unsteady based on how process variables change with time. Unit operations involve primarily physical changes, while unit processes involve chemical changes under economically profitable conditions. Common unit operations and examples are also described.

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Parikh Dhruv
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43 views45 pages

Chemical Process Calculations: Sweta C Balchandani Faculty, SOT-Chemical, Pdpu

This document provides an overview of chemical processes and unit operations. It defines a process as a series of operations that causes physical or chemical changes to convert raw materials into products. Processes can be classified as batch, continuous, or semi-batch based on how materials enter and leave the process over time. They can also be classified as steady or unsteady based on how process variables change with time. Unit operations involve primarily physical changes, while unit processes involve chemical changes under economically profitable conditions. Common unit operations and examples are also described.

Uploaded by

Parikh Dhruv
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemical Process

Calculations
Sweta C Balchandani
Faculty, SOT-Chemical,
PDPU
Classification and
modes of chemical
processes, and unit
operation
According to
Eshbach and
Souders (1975)
Process is a naturally occurring
operation or designed series of
operations that causes physical or
chemical changes in substances or a
mixture of substances, thereby
converting raw materials into products

What is Process?

Industrial and environmental


processes relate to the sequence of Through
operations and involved events, taking Engineering
up line, space, expertise or other principles
resources, which lead to the
production of same outcome
Chemical
Engineering
Resolved into a
coordinated
series of:

Unit operations Unit Process

Involves chemical changes and


Restricted to those operations implies commercialization of
in which changes are primarily chemical reactions under
physical economically profitable
conditions.
• Example:
• Crystallization of sugar from sugar solution
(physical)
• Example:
• The production of ethanol from a sugar solution
involves a unit operation (chemical)
Unit operations

1. Mechanical (do not involve appreciate heat and mass transfer)


• Transportation of materials, size reduction, mechanical separations, etc.
2. Electrochemical ( do not involve appreciate heat and mass transfer)
• Electrostatic magnetic separation, electro-dialysis, electrophoresis, ion-exchange, gas
permeation, etc.
3. Thermo-Chemical (involve appreciate heat and mass transfer)
• Condensation, evaporation, crystallization, distillation, drying, humidification, leaching,
absorption, adsorption, refrigeration, etc.
Types of Process

Batch, semi-batch and • Based on how the process


continuous is designed to operate

• Based on how the process


Steady, unsteady, varies with time and spatial
lumped and distributed coordinates
• Based on how the process
Multiphase contact is operated with phase
contact
The process based on mode of operation
• Batch Process:
Materials leave and enter process unit only at the beginning and at the
end of the cycle.
Example:
• Heating a sealed bottle of milk in a water bath
• Fermentation
• Majorly food, dye industries, etc.
Continuous process:
• Continuous flowing streams (both in and out)
• Example:
• Production of nitric acid
• Distillation process
• Pumping liquid at a constant rate into a distillation column and removing the
product streams from the top and
bottom of the column
Semi-batch process
• Neither continuous nor batch process. Process with one
Batch input but output is continuously drawn.

Example:
• Slowly blends two liquids in a tank
• Slowly draining while heating
• Fermentation with purge; a fermenter is loaded with a batch, which
constantly produces carbon dioxide, which has to be removed
continuously.
Process based on how the process varies with
time and spatial coordinates
• Steady state process:
• Process variables (i.e. T,P,V, flow rates, etc.) do not change with time.

• Unsteady state or transient process:


• Process variables (i.e. T,P,V, flow rates) that change with time.

• Example:
• Batch and semi-batch processes are, by natural, transient processes whereas
continuous process can be transient or at steady state
Lumped Processes
• Process variables that changes with time but not spatial coordinates
(x,y,z)
• Process equations are expressed by ordinary differential equations
• Most of the process dynamic equations are made to have simple
equations by lumping (compact) all the resistances into a single
resistance.
• d(phi)/dt=f(phi)
Reaction in batch reactor (lumped process)
• In a batch reactor, let N be the moles of a chemical
• The molar changes of chemical is the reaction rate (r=molar change
per unit time per unit volume) time the volume and the time.
i.e. dN=rVdt
• This can be put into a differential equation as
dN/dt=rV
• If the volume of batch reactor is constant, then c=N/V and then the
equation becomes
Dc/dt=r
Distributed Processes
• Process variable that changes with both time and spatial coordinates
(x,y,z)
• Process equations are expressed by partial differential equations
• In this case all the resistance are distributed throughout the system.
• E.g., heat conduction in solid, flow in a pipe, packed columns, tubular
reactors, dialyzers
Any Questions?.....

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