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Rock and Minerals

The document provides information about minerals and rocks. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic elements or compounds with specific physical and chemical properties. It explains that minerals are the building blocks of rocks. It then describes the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and how they are formed through volcanic activity, compaction/cementation of sediments, and changes to existing rocks through heat and pressure. The document also lists several key properties used to identify common minerals and provides examples of different rock types.

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Pao Deleon
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386 views58 pages

Rock and Minerals

The document provides information about minerals and rocks. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic elements or compounds with specific physical and chemical properties. It explains that minerals are the building blocks of rocks. It then describes the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and how they are formed through volcanic activity, compaction/cementation of sediments, and changes to existing rocks through heat and pressure. The document also lists several key properties used to identify common minerals and provides examples of different rock types.

Uploaded by

Pao Deleon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The learners demonstrate an

understanding of:

Edit Master
identify text styles
common rock-forming  Fourth level
 Second level  Fifth level
minerals using their physical and
 Third level
chemical properties

classify rocks into igneous,


sedimentary, and metamorphic
the origin and environment
of formation of common
minerals and rocks
What is a mineral?

Definition: naturally occurring, inorganic elements


or compounds with specific physical and chemical
properties.
Minerals are the
ingredients of
rocks.

Or

Rocks are made


up of minerals.
EXAMPLES OF MINERALS IN
EVERYDAY LIFE
 Edit Master text styles  Fourth level
 Second level  Fifth level
 Third level
Mineral Properties

1. Color- Least useful property in identifying minerals.


2.Crystal Form
Some minerals tend to form crystals that aid in the
identification of the mineral.
Properties of Minerals

3.Streak
The color of a minerals
powder.

http://geology.csupomona.edu/alert/mineral/streak.htm
4.Luster
How the minerals surface reflects light.
Metallic non- metallic.
5. HARDNESS
The ability of a mineral to resist
being scratched.
“Scratch test”
Hardness-Mohs scale

1 talc 2 gypsum 3 calcite 4 fluorite 5 apatite

6 feldspar 7 quartz 8 topaz 9 corundum 10 diamond


Cleavage

Cleavage is the way a mineral breaks.

one direction two directions three directions


mica feldspar calcite
Others Special Properties
Reactivity
Magnetism
Fluorescence
ROCKS
What is a rock?

A rock is a naturally
occurring aggregate
of minerals and/or
other rock fragments
ROCK VS. MINERAL
• Rocks are divided into 3
groups based on how they
were formed:

• IGNEOUS
• SEDIMENTARY
• METAMORPHIC
Once a rock is formed,
does it stay the
same rock forever?.
• Rocks are continually changed by
many processes, such as
weathering, erosion, compaction,
cementation, melting, and
cooling

• Rocks can change and fORM the


three types
Rock classification

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic


• “Ignis” = Latin for “fire”

• Formed from the cooling of either


magma or lava

• The most abundant type of rock

• Classified according to their origin and


formed
• Below ground = from magma
(intrusive igneous rock)
• Usually have LARGE crystal grains (they
cooled slowly)
• Above ground = from lava
(extrusive igneous rock)
• Usually have SMALL or NO crystals (they
cooled too quickly)
Peridotite: Intrusive
or Extrusive? Why?
Granite: Intrusive or
Extrusive? Why?
Porphyry: Intrusive or
Extrusive? Why?
Basaltic Igneous Rocks —made
from lava/magma that is low in silica, rich
in iron and magnesium. Rocks are
dark-colored.
Granitic Igneous Rocks—made
from magma/lava high in silica
and oxygen. Rocks are
light-colored.
Andesitic Igneous Rocks—
have a composition between
basaltic and granitic.
Diorite
Basalt
Granite
• Formed from sediments
(rock fragments,
mineral grains, animal
& plant remains) that
are pressed or
cemented together.
• These sediments are moved by
wind, water, ice or gravity.
• Sedimentary rocks represent 7% of
the Earth’s crust, but they cover
70% of the Earth’s surface.

• Sedimentary rocks are fossil-


carrying rocks.
What turns sediments into solid rock?

• Water or wind breaks down


and deposits sediment (erosion
& deposition)
• The heavy sediments press down
on the layers beneath
(compaction)
• Dissolved minerals flow between
the particles and cement them
together (cementation)
3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks:

• Clastic (also called Detrial)—made of


broken pieces of other rocks
3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks:

Organic—remains of plants and animals


are deposited in thick layers
• Examples
• Fossil rich limestone is made from the
shells of ocean animals; used to
make chalk
3 Types of Sedimentary
Rocks:

• Chemical—minerals dissolved in
lakes, seas, or underground
water

Mineral crystals are made as the shallow water that has


flooded the bottom of Death Valley evaporates.
Click on image for full size (66K JPG)
Courtesy of Martin Miller, University of Oregon
Example
s• Limestone
made when
calcite
mineral
precipitates
from sea
water

• Rock Salt—
made
from
evaporation
of sea
• Rocks that have changed due to
intense temperature and
pressure
• “Meta” means “change” and
morphosis means “form” in Greek
• Igneous, sedimentary and other
metamorphic rocks can change
to become metamorphic rocks
What occurs in the
Earth to change
these rocks?
• Pressure from overlying rock layers
• High heat, but not enough to melt the rock
• Rocks may be flattened or bent or atoms may be exchanged to
form new minerals.
How are metamorphic rocks classified?

• Foliated—mineral grains are flattened


and line up in parallel bands

• Example: gneiss formed from


rearrangement of minerals in
granite into bands
How are metamorphic rocks classified?

• Non-Foliated—No bands are


formed

• Example: marble formed from


limestone

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