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Acids and Bases

The document discusses acids and bases, explaining that acids are substances that contain hydrogen ions that can dissociate in water, producing hydronium ions and anions, according to Arrhenius' theory of acids from 1890. It notes that strong acids like hydrochloric acid are fully dissociated while weak acids like acetic acid only partially dissociate. The document also outlines the key properties of bases as substances that can neutralize acids and restore the color of litmus, and that bases in solution produce hydroxide ions.

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Kristina Filipović
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7 views

Acids and Bases

The document discusses acids and bases, explaining that acids are substances that contain hydrogen ions that can dissociate in water, producing hydronium ions and anions, according to Arrhenius' theory of acids from 1890. It notes that strong acids like hydrochloric acid are fully dissociated while weak acids like acetic acid only partially dissociate. The document also outlines the key properties of bases as substances that can neutralize acids and restore the color of litmus, and that bases in solution produce hydroxide ions.

Uploaded by

Kristina Filipović
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry

Acids and bases


Acids
Properties of acids:
• a characteristic sour taste
• ability to change the color of litmus from blue to red
• react with certain metals to produce gaseous H2
• react with bases to form a salt and water

First definition (1787. Antoine Lavoisier) turn out to be wrong


Acids and the hydrogen ion
Michael Faraday (mid-nineteenth) discovered that solutions of salts conduct
electricity

At the end – properties we associate with acids are due to the presence of an
excess of hydrogen ions in the solution

By 1890 Svante Arrhenius - first useful theory of acids :

“An acidic substance is one whose molecular unit contains at least one
hydrogen atom that can dissociate, or ionize, when dissolved in water,
producing a hydrated hydrogen ion and an anion”

hydrochloric acid: HCl −→ H+ (aq) + Cl −(aq)


sulfuric acid: H2SO4 −→ H+ (aq) + HSO− 4 (aq)
hydrogen sulfate ion: HSO− 4 (aq) −→ H+ (aq) + SO 2+ 4 (aq)
acetic acid: H3CCOOH −→ H+ (aq) +H 3CCOO−(aq)
Important points to understand about hydrogen in acids:

• Although all Arrhenius acids contain hydrogen, not all hydrogen atoms
in a substance are capable of dissociating; (–CH3 hydrogens of acetic
acid are “non-acidic”)

• Those hydrogens that do dissociate can do so to different degrees. The


strong acids such as HCl and HNO3 are effectively 100% dissociated in
solution. Most organic acids, such as acetic acid, are weak; only a small
fraction of the acid is dissociated in most solutions. HF and HCN are
examples of weak inorganic acids.

• Acids that possess more than one dissociable hydrogen atom are
known as polyprotic acids;
Ampholytes – intermediate forms such as HPO2− capable of accepting
and losing protons.
Bases
Properties of bases:

• a bitter taste
• a “soapy” feeling when applied to the skin
• ability to restore the original blue color of litmus that has been turned red
by acids
• ability to react with acids to form salts

NaOH(s) −→ Na+(aq) + OH −(aq)

Na2O+H2O−→ 2NaOH −→ 2Na+(aq) + 2OH −(aq)


NH3 +H2O−→ NH4+ + OH-

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