Lecture 2 Water Uses and Demand
Lecture 2 Water Uses and Demand
Lecture 2 Water Uses and Demand
INTRODUCTION
USES OF WATER
Water has many uses ranging from body uses, to socio-economic an
cultural activities in the human life and development
1: Domestic water uses
o Drinking,
o washing,
o Cleaning
o Cooking
o Construction
2: Industries, water is used for
o Industrial processes,
o production of different
o products through different reactions,
o cleaning,
o drinking,
o cooling,
o landscaping etc
water uses
3: Institutions/offices, water is used for
o Cleaning,
o drinking,
o Landscaping, toilet flushing etc.
4.Agricultures, water is used for
Irrigation
Cleaning
5 : Health centers, water is used for
o Drinking
o Cleaning
o Cooking
o Landscaping
o treatments
water uses
6. For Commercial, water is used for;
oBars- cleaning, toilet flushing and landscaping, cooking,
oHotels- cleaning, bathing, drinking, cooking, landscaping etc.
oShops- drinking, cleaning
7. Urban uses, water is used for;
Cleaning public places such as roads, open markets, museums
8. Religious institution- water is used for cleaning, washing,
drinking, toilet flushing
9.College /schools-water is used for toilet flushing, cleaning,
drinking, landscaping, irrigation, catting etc.
WATER DEMANDS
By definition, Water Demand is the measure of the total amount of water
required by a certain community as prescribed by applicable guidelines. It
comprises the requirements by different uses as described earlier.
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Domestic Water Demand
• The quantity of water required in the houses for drinking,
bathing, cooking, washing etc is called domestic water
demand and mainly depends upon the habits, social status,
climatic conditions and customs of the people.
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Institutional water demands by MoW Design
manual (2009)
Commercial water demands by MoW Design
Manual (2009)
Demand for Public Use
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Fire fighting Demand
Fire fighting demand is the quantity of water required for
figting a fire out- break.
The design flows into a fire hydrant should not be less than
10L/s
• Please refers to table 4.13, 4.14,4.15 and 4.16 for more
important details on the design manual
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Fire Demand
Q(L/s) = 64P1/2(1-0.01P1/2)
Where
P= Population in thousands
Q= Rate of flow of water in Litres/sec. This must
always be checked with the local guidelines such
as Water design manual (refers page 30-33)
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Operational water demands
• This include water needed for operation of treatment
processes such as clarifier-de-sludging, filter backwashing,
chemical mixing, and operational activities such as flushing
out of reservoirs, and pipework systems through washouts
and cleaning back meters screens.
• Excluding fire fighting, it is suggested that, the operational
demand for treatment processes and be 5% , and 2% for
other operational activities such as reservoir flushing,
pipework washouts etc.
• Please read page 33 of the water manual for more
clarification.
Loses and Wastes
All the water, which goes in the distribution pipes does not reach
the consumers and this are caused by the eithe of the following:
Leakages and overflows in reservoirs, treatment plants,
vailves/fittings, mains and distribution piping.
Losses due to unauthorised and illegal connections
Losses in pipe work normally results due to inadequacy in pipe
design, poor pipe selection, poor quality of manufacture and
installation, vandalism, etc.
Traditionally, this value can be taken between 20 to 25% of the
gross water demand. But the more specific losses value can be
selected on the table depending on the type of pipe material.
For various values of losses demand, refers to next slide also
found on page 34 of the design manual.
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TYPICAL VALUSE OF LOSSES IN DIFFERENT
PIPES/COVERS
Factors Affecting Per Capita Demand
1. Climatic conditions : The quantity of water
required in hotter and dry places is more than cold
countries because of the use of air coolers, air
conditioners, sprinkling of water in lawns, gardens,
courtyards, washing of rooms, more washing of
clothes and bathing etc.
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Factors Affecting Per Capita Demand
3. Living standard of the people : The per capita demand of
the town increases with the standard of living of the people
because of the use of air conditioners, room coolers,
maintenance of lawns, use of flush, latrines and automatic
home appliances
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Factors Affecting Per Capita Demand
6. System of sanitation: Per capita demand of the towns having
water carriage system will be more than the town where this
system is not being used.
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LECTURE 3
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WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION
The most difficult task of water supply engineer is to
accurately estimate the water demands. This is
because of so many underlying uncertainties in the
actual requirements of water to be needed. However,
its is important that, you as a water engineer try as
much as you can to gather useful information and use
design manual to check for your designed values.
Generally, it is wise to categorize areas whether its
urban or rural area. This is because the per capita
water demand varies from urban to rural areas.
Variations in Demand
28
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Seasonal Variations
The water demand varies from season to season.
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Daily Variations
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Hourly Variations
On Sundays and other holidays the peak hours may be about 8
A.M. due to late awakening where as it may be 6 A.M. to 10 A.M.
and 4 P.M. to 8 P.M. and minimum flow may be between 12P.M. to
4P.M. when most of the people are sleeping.
But in highly industrial city where both day and night shifts are
working, the consumption in night may be more.
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Design Period
The complete water supply project includes huge and costly
constructions such as dams, reservoirs, treatment works and
network of distribution pipelines.
The number of years for which the designs of the water works
have been done is known as design period.
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Per capital Demand
It is the annual average amount of daily water
required by one person and it includes the
domestic use, industrial and commercial use,
public use, waste and thefts etc.
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PEAKING FACTORS
Water use varies with the time of year and the time of
day.
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PEAKING FACTORS
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PEAKING FACTORS
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PEAKING FACTORS
Where:
PF = peaking factor between maximum day and average-day
demands
Qmax = maximum day demands (cfs, m3/s)
Qavg = average-day demands (cfs, m3/s)
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DEMAND ESTIMATON
Engineer need to clearly take into considerations all types of
demands such as domestic, industrial, institutional, losses,
fire and operational demand.
Demand estimation of a certain locality depends on whether
the intended area has a saturated population i.e. planned ,
the population still increases (unplanned (rural areas).
A:Water demand estimation for increasing population-
unplanned area
B:Water demand estimation for saturated
population/planned area.
WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION FOR
INCREASING POPULATION
Methodology/Approach.
This is done by using Population Forecasting models. The
population forecasting models/formulars are used to forecast the
future population in an anticipated design periods. Let say you
need to design a water supply for a village to saves for 20 years.
You need to find what will be the population of such village in 20
years later. This is aiming at ensuring that, both current and future
population gets adequate quantity of water. After obtaining
population, then you multiply the population with a per capita
water demand to get total water demand. This is domestic. To get
overall demand, you need to take into accounts of other demands,
and then add together.
Estimation of Water Demand
.
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b) Estimation water demands
i) Domestic demand
Q = N X q X Pf
Q =Total domestic water demand
N = number of people to be served at the end of the design period
q =water demand per capital per day
Pf = peak factor to take care for the hourly variation of water demand,
Considering the WHO std the water demand per capital per day ranges
between 90-120 L/c/day.
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Population Forecasting
The knowledge of poupulation forecasting is very
important for design of any water supply scheme.
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Population Forecasting
The future development of the town mostly depends
upon trade expansion, development industries, and
surrounding country, discoveries of mines, construction
of railway stations etc .
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Population Forecasting Methods
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Population Forecasting Methods
2. Geometrical increase method
In this method, it is assumed that the percentage
increase in population from decade to decade
remains constant.
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Population Forecasting Methods
3.Incremental Increase Method
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Population Forecasting Methods
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Population Forecasting Methods
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Example
The following data have been noted from the census
department.
Find the probable population in the year 1980, 1990 and 2000.
by arithmetrical, geometrical, and incremental increase
methods
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Arithematical Increase Method
This method is based on the assumption that the population is
increasing at a constant rate.
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Solution to Example
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Geometrical increase method
This method is based on the assumption that the
percentage increase in population from decade to
decade remains constant.
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Geometrical increase method
The population at the end of ‘n’ decades is calculated by
Pn = P (1 + r)n
Where:
Pn = is the year you are projecting
P = is the ending point for computing the rate of change
r = is the rate of change computed above; and
n = the number of time periods you are projecting forward (in decades)
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Solution to Example
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Estimate the population for 1981,2001, 2004
Solution:
Year Population: Increment per Incremental Percentage Increment
(thousands) Decade Increase per Decade
1901 60 - - -
1911 65 +5 - (5+60) x100=+8.33
1921 63 -2 -3 (2+65) x100=-3.07
1931 72 +9 +7 (9+63) x100=+14.28
1941 79 +7 -2 (7+72) x100=+9.72
1951 89 +10 +3 (10+79) x100=+12.66
solution
Average percentage increase per decade = 10.66
P n = P (1+i/100) n
Population for 1981 = Population 1971 x (1+i/100) n
= 120 x (1+10.66/100), i = 10.66, n = 1
= 120 x 110.66/100 = 132.8
Population for 1991 = Population 1971 x (1+i/100) n
= 120 x (1+10.66/100) 2 , i = 10.66, n = 2
= 120 x 1.2245 = 146.95
Population for 2001 = Population 1971 x
(1+i/100) n
= 120 x (1+10.66/100) 3 , i = 10.66, n = 3
= 120 x 1.355 = 162.60
Population for 1994 = 146.95 + (15.84 x 3/10) =
151.70
Incremental Increase method
This method is an improvement over the above two methods.
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Solution to Example
Increase in Incremental
Year Population Population increase
1,940 8,000 -
1,950 12,000 4,000
1,960 17,000 5,000 1,000
1,970 22,500 5,500 500
Total 14,500 1,500
Avarage 4,833 750
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PROBLEM
Predict the population for the years 1981,1991,1994,2001
,2035,2070 using Arithmetic, Geometric and Incremental
method.
YEAR population
1901 60,000
1911 65,000
1921 63,000
1931 72,000
1941 79,000
1951 89,000
1961 97,000
1971 120,000
CALCULATION FOR DEMAND OF WATER for water supply:
To get water demand (domestic) of the area, the selected per capita water demand
(which is a water required by a single person) is multiplied by the total number of
population to get the total demand.
Solution
1 1,921 6,420
2 1,931 8,250
3 1,941 10,700
4 1,951 12,372
5 1,961 15,225
6 1,971 17,925
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