Use-cases of IoT

 Automotive ----Breath Alcohol Ignition Interlock Device

Health Monitoring of Tractors

 Medical/health-care------Automated BP Monitor
Remote Patient Monitoring

 Aerospace------- Control, Data Linking and Monitoring

 Transportation ----------- Smart Transportation

 Energy---- Smart Mesh

Condition Based Maintenance of Distribution Power Transformers
 Retail------Retail Sensor Platform
Smart Black Box

 Manufacturing----- Condition Based Maintenance of Rotating Equipment

 Logistics-----Warehousing Operations
Freight Transportation

 Agriculture-----Calving
Increasing Yield

 Mining----Safety in Mining
Availability in Mining
Use cases in automotive:
1.Breath Alcohol Ignition Interlock Device

Scenario:
More than 70% of road accidents are due to drunk driving.
The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has mandated
the installation of an Ignition Interlock System in vehicles to control to drunk
driving.
 Breath Alcohol Ignition Interlock Device (BAIID) employs sensors to test the
breath sample and the vehicle will start only if the alcohol concentration
(Breath Alcohol Concentration) is below the set point.
 Thus, these devices will help in controlling accidents due to drunk driving.
BAIID design:
 This system uses a handheld unit, a base unit and a cloud base data
collection and an analysis unit.
 BAIID system is remotely connected to the base unit through GPRS/GPS/Wi-Fi
interface. The system can store the data for three months with a driving
usage limit of 24 hours of driving per day as per the NHTSA guidelines. The
driver has to visit the nearest service station once in every 3 months for data
collection, analysis and scrutiny for a defaulter driver.
 The main tasks of a 'handheld' unit are:
a) Handle user inputs via switches
b) Perform BAC (Breath Alcohol Concentration) test
c) Notify the status
d) Transfer the data to the base unit
e) Rolling retest features
Contd…

f) Generate snapshot of the face

g) jpeg encoding of the image
h) Storage in the local system
i) Monitor various temperature sensors
j) Handle the heat management as and when
needed
BAIID contd…

 The main tasks of a 'base' unit are:

a. Communication with the 'handheld' unit
b. Transferring BAC test results for controlling the car ignition control
unit
Storage of BAC results into Flash
c. Tamper switch monitoring and recording information related to it into
Flash
d. Monitor battery fuel gauge
e. Temperature and Axis sensor monitoring
Security of BAIID:

 Security is handled multifold in this case at multiple cases and points:

 A handshake protocol is implemented at the boot time with a unique code stored in
the SD card that allows the system to boot up with registered hardware only.
 Tamper proofing: The unit is tamper proof at the cabinet level by sensing the
tamper switch on one of the GPIO (general-purpose input/output) pin. If the GPIO
pin gets disconnected, the unit will stop functioning and would not even reboot
again.
 System level handshake security with the service station server interface: Here
each system checks the unique ID of the car unit before accessing the data from the
system on Wi-Fi.
 AWS data security: The cloud data is maintained with unique access code and
system password for both write operation and system level read opera Ɵons.
2.Health Monitoring of Tractors

 A very interesting application of IoT in the automotive domain is the

monitoring health of the off-road vehicles like tractors and earth moving
equipment.
 These vehicles are very expensive pieces of equipment and are put to use at
far-off locations that are not very easy to access. In case of break down at the
work-site, it is very difficult to get the fault repair teams to the location.
 The cost of loss of business due to off-time of the vehicles is very high.
Hence it is important for the stakeholders to be able to monitor the health of
the vehicles regularly from remote locations on an on-going basis.
Contd…

 IoT facilitates remote monitoring of the vehicle for various stake holders and
enables proactive support to keep the machines in operational condition and
also provide data for design improvements to achieve better performance.
The application requires use of sensors and instrumentation of the tractor for
collecting data and monitoring the health of the machine.
Contd…

 This IoT application is for monitoring the tractor performance from various
objectives. Let's have a look at the design used to achieve this.
 The connected devices here are the Tractors.
 DAU (Data Acquisition Unit) electronic unit, an embedded system monitors
the tractor systems.
 DAU is interfaced to GPRS or Wi-Fi connectivity.
 Wi-Fi communication model and enabling technology is used because of long
data range.
 Cloud based computing is also essential to access data from different servers
and support the proposed GUI with the required data.
Contd…

 This system requires sensors to monitor various parameters. The following

sensors are used in this application:
 Vibration sensor for engine mount and power train
 Temperature sensor- lube oil, hydraulic oil and coolant
 Pressure sensor – lube oil , hydraulic oil and coolant
 Level sensor - oil , coolant, fuel
 Load cell - accessories loading sense
 Sensors for general voltage, frequency (rpm), current, battery voltage
Potential Risks:

 Driver distractions (e.g. sudden unexpected volume, wipers’ activation),

engine shutoff or degradation, steering changes (autonomous vehicles)
 Risk of wrong information fed to safety critical systems like steering, braking
and vehicle malfunction alert modules
 Reduced or nil response rates to safety set thresholds or deployment of
devices like airbags and ABS brakes
 Manipulation of response to environment vectors like traffic and road inputs
and vehicle RFID devices
 Some Less Safety-Critical Vehicle specific risks such as
 Theft of the vehicle or contents
 Enabling physical crime against occupants
 Insurance or lease fraud
 Eavesdropping on occupants
 Theft of information (e.g. personal profile, phone list, bank details)
 Vector for attacking mobile devices in the car
 Theft of PII (Personally identifiable information).
 Unauthorized tracking of the vehicles and their location
Recommendation:

 Hardware Security: Use of secure boot and software attestation function,

trusted platorm module, tamper protection, cryptographic accelerator, active
memory protection, device identity directly on device. (e.g. Intel EPID,
physically un-cloneable function)
 Software Security: Secure boot, partitioned OS, module level authentication,
enforcement of approved and appropriate behavior, secure product
development lifecycle.
Contd…

 Network Security: Message and device authentication, identify and enforce

predictably holistic behavior, access control.
 Cloud Security: Secure authenticated channel to cloud, remote monitoring of
vehicle, threat intelligence exchange, OTA updates, credential management.
 Supply-chain Security: Authorized distribution channel, track and trace
components, continuity of supply, ability to identify uncertified component.
 Battery backup and SD card is provided to save limited data if there is a loss
of power or connectivity.
Use cases in Medical/health-care
1.Automated BP Monitor:
 The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is the collection of data from medical
devices and applications that connect to healthcare IT systems through online
computer networks.
 Medical devices equipped with Wi-Fi allow machine-to-machine
communication.
 IoT devices link to cloud platorms on which captured data can be stored and
analysed.
 Following can be the future developments:
 Remote patient monitoring of people with chronic or long-term conditions
 The location of patients admitted to hospitals
 Patients' wearable mHealth devices, which can send information to
caregivers
2.Remote Patient Monitoring

 Benefits of remote healthcare solutions:

- Reduced hospital re-admissions and lengths of stay
- Fewer emergency room visits
- Lower cost of chronic disease care
- Improved self-management of health conditions
- Timely, affordable and convenient access to care, wherever and whenever
it's needed
- Proactive support when it is medically necessary
- Enhanced patient quality of life
Use cases in aerospace:
1.Control, Data Linking and Monitoring
 Industries such as public safety, land/ crop surveying and oil /gas are being
eyed as key markets that can benefit from the use of unmanned systems for
monitoring and surveillance. For several applications such as wildfire
monitoring and border protection, UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) can even
be used to protect people and save lives.
 The onboard Flight controller receives and transmits flight data to the ground
base station to enable the control of the flight parameters and achieve mission
objectives. The data link acquires data from video and camera sensors which is
fed to the base station for analysis and record. Video data may also be used for
manual mission control of the aircraft or with the auto pilot mode. The IoT
systems may enable ‘aircraft to aircraft’ and ‘aircraft to base’ communication .
Use cases in transportation:
1.smart transportation
 Smart transportation is the result of technological advancements in mobile
terminals and automotive electronics. This intelligent system is generating
huge data in urban areas and posing a challenge for data storage and data
analytics.
The real time intelligent system is designed to analyze the following:
 Vehicle recognition – plate number, plate colour, car body color, car logo etc.
 Clothing feature recognition – clothing colour of upper and lower body
 Face detection – face detection in the image
 Behavior detection – running, hitting the line, intruding the region, going
against the traffic rules
 This transport solution uses frontend devices like web camera and NVR
(Network Video Recorder) and backend devices like data centers. Data
acquisition and data storage are considered as frontend tasks
and data analysis as a backend task.
Use Cases in Energy
1.Smart mesh:
 Electrical grid is a network of devices functioning together to transmit the electricity
from one location to another. Lots of challenges have been discovered over the years
that bring out the need for automation, digitization and analytics in most functions of
the grid.
 To make a grid smart, it is required to make each and every unit smart (communication
enabled and connected most of the time). One can imagine the amount of data being
generated from each electricity meter and being transmitted to a centralized location
as well as the time required to process this huge amount of data.
 An important aspect of smart grid is a strong communication backbone that should
enable collection of data from each meter with minimum latency.
This is an end to end implemented solution to digitally monitor overall operations of a
smart grid. It ensures that all devices in a smart grid are connected all the time on a
wide area communication network.
2.Condition based Maintenance of
Distribution Power Transformers

 Power transformers are an integral part of any power distribution network.

Owing to humongous capital and maintenance cost involved for this equipment,
there exists a huge scope to optimize expenses thereby improving the revenue.
 Where do distribution companies struggle ?
 Unavailability of dashboards or tools to visualize the status of multiple
parameters associated with power transformers.
 Unforeseen failures in transformers leading to downtime and penalty.
 Loss of asset life due to continuous faults/failures.
 Poor maintenance planning.
 Unavailability of advanced solutions to monitor the health of transformers.
Use Cases in Retail :
1. Retail Sensor Platform

 According to reports, inventory distortion in the form of overstock, stock out

and shrinkage represent over $ 1 trillion worth of losses for retailers
worldwide. It is also estimated that, potential impact of IoT on retail will
range from $140 billion to over $1 trillion by 2025.
 In 2015, Intel began working with the clothing manufacturer Levi's in a proof
of concept to deliver near real-time inventory monitoring in the Levi San
Francisco store. Intel is marketing this solution as 'Retail Sensor Platform'.
 RFID tags are placed on all items in the store. Data readings are forwarded to
the Intel gateways and then pushed back to back-office systems for cloud
based analytics
2. Smart Black Box

 There is a growing concern about the decline of the vending industry. Sales are lost
because of customers preferring new ways of buying such as touch screen kiosks.
 'Smart Black Box' solution accommodates the new features that the customer wants
such as cashless payments, touch screens, etc. This solution also enables vendors
to respond to consumer tastes rapidly.
 This solution incorporates multiple hardware- based components onto a single
software based platform. Smart Black Box solution has new features to help
customers and vendors.
Customers:
 Cashless payment options
 Touch screen option to make selections.
 Interactive digital signage.
Vendors:
 Remote management with online monitoring and diagnostics.
 Reliable remote monitoring of temperatures for hot or cold beverages.
 Reliable data to base product and campaign data analytics.
 New technologies for customer loyalty, including using a smart phone app
that allows machines to communicate with customers through beacon
technology
Use Cases in Manufacturing
1. Condition Based Maintenance of Rotating Equipment

 Typical challenge in any industry is related to maintenance of critical assets

e.g. 'Homogenizer' in food processing industry, 'Transformers' in electrical
grid, 'Compressors and Conveyors' in manufacturing industry.
 Most industries follow a periodic and preventive maintenance strategy to
maintain these critical assets. This approach leads to unnecessary
maintenance activities without assessing the current condition of the asset.
This use case details IoT application in maintenance of equipment.
Use Case in Logistics
1. Warehousing Operations

 The objective of any logistics company is to deliver goods to the customer within
the promised time and in good condition. The goods are collected from various
locations and stored at warehouses. The goods are dispatched to the consignee
from warehouses located at strategic location. Warehousing plays a very critical
role in the entire supply chain, however, in today's economic scenario,
warehousing serves as a key source of competitive advantage for logistics provider
who can deliver fast, cost-efficient and increasingly flexible warehousing
operations for their customers.
 Warehousing operation is not an easy task as it involves multiple types and forms
of goods. Every inch of a warehouse should be optimally utilized to store, process,
retrieve and deliver goods as fast as possible. This is not possible without
technological intervention. This requires a strong platform to perform all
these operations. This is possible through IoT.
2. Freight Transportation

 The major challenge for any Logistics company is to track and monitor the
freight or shipment cargo as goods are dispatched through various modes of
transport including road, sea and air. The logistics operator is also responsible
to deliver the goods in good condition.
 The logistics company may get lot of queries from the consignee regarding the
delivery of their goods and current status. With hundreds of thousands of
oceans, air and road assets, freight transportation presents a great
potential for IoT network. Today it is already possible to track and monitor a
container in freight and shipment in a cargo.
Contd…

 An IoT application platform should have better features for tracing and
tracking which should be faster, accurate, predictive and secure. The
challenge faced by the logistics industry is that the solutions provided so far
are proprietary and the solutions cannot communicate with each other. There
is a need to create a new platform using existing hardware and software
capabilities. The solution should provide end-to-end integrity of supply
chains.
Use Cases in Agriculture
1. Calving

 Calving is a stressful time for farmers. Almost one in 14 calves die during the
birth. Until now, the only way to improve these odds was to keep watch over
the expectant cow around the clock. Animal welfare company Moocall has
developed a remote monitoring solution for pregnant cows. This simple
solution is based on the principle that cows move their tails more often the
closer they get to delivery.
 The Moocall service senses tail motion via a battery–powered monitor that is
clipped to the cow's tail. The device sends SMS alerts, when it detects enough
motion to show a cow is about to go into labour. As a result, farmers can
carry on with their daily work or get good nights sleep.
 Moocall relies on Vodafone's managed connectivity to ensure coverage in even
the most remote farming areas and to help the company expand
internationally. It is also planned to introduce similar devices for horses and
have other ideas for new developments such as flock protection
 .
2. Increasing Yield

 Historically, crop farming has relied on farmers' expertise, built up over

generations, to identify the best way to work the land and identify the
opportune moments to plant and harvest. But even the best farmers can find
their hard work undermined by poor weather. And the impact can be severe.
 Precision farming and the deployment of IoT technology promises to make
crop management more predictable, introduce a new level of efficiency and
drive up productivity.
Contd…

 Soil sensors: Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT) is a low-cost technology that's

enabling farmers to measure soil conditions such as moisture content, pH
levels and temperatures, providing them with better insight into when to plant
crops. Even deep in the soil, the wireless sensors provide excellent
connectivity and coverage and the low power consumption means farmers
don't need to change a battery for over 10 years.

 The technology can also help when it comes to spraying. By monitoring

conditions such as temperature, humidity and wind speed, farmers can get a
better understanding of the conditions that allow pathogens to take hold.
Using IoT, the farmer knows when to spray and where.
Use Cases in Mining
1. Safety in Mining

 Mining is a unique industry where the miners have to adjust to the changing
environment under the ground. Miners have to work with materials and many
factors that may not be controllable. Mining ventures are extremely capital
intensive. The infrastructure for mines in remote locations alone may cost several
hundred million dollars. High fixed costs represent a large component of a mining
operation's total costs. Once the presence of an ore deposit has been established,
several years of intensive effort is required before the property is brought in
stream and ore is produced on a continuous basis.
 Mining is broadly categorised as 'Underground Mining' and 'Surface Mining'. Each
type will have its own challenges and advantages. Mining is a very complex
activity and many variables are to be controlled to make this venture profitable
within the defined time frame. Mining operators are looking for technological
interventions that aid in the operation's efficiency and at the same time, the
solution should cover all aspects of mining.
 As we are aware, mines are located at remote locations, hence some constraints are to be addressed to
implement IoT solutions.
Some of the constraints are:
 Infrastructure setup
 Most mine Site is located at remote locations
 sites have no cellular access
 Significant effort is required to establish WiFi setup
 Networking constraints
 For the existing mines, IoT technology may add additional load on the bandwidth
 Reinstallation or up-gradation of IT infrastructure is an expensive affair
Contd…
 Cyber attacks
 The application might be vulnerable to cyber attacks
 Important data might be shared with competitor organisations
 Attackers may halt the operation of the machine by entering the network
 Illegitimate update of machine software can result in malfunction or can
increase the warranty costs of the manufacturer
 Safety in Mining:
The IoT technology can be used for the safety of personnel and equipment.
This will have a cascading effect on the overall safety in the mining
operations. Safety in mining relates to one of the three major causes:
1. Environment
2. Equipment
3. Operator behavior
2. Availability in Mining

 With larger machines, comes more moving parts, hence, more wear and tear
of mechanical parts, requiring well planned maintenance of the machines.
Availability in mining refers to the percentage of time the machine was
available for actual production operations. It plays an important role since
downtime can cost heavily in the capital intensive mining industry. Achieving
high levels of physical availability of the machine requires planned
maintenance, capturing of failures even before it occurs during production.
Contd…

 When such a failure occurs, the time required to bring back the machine to
operation also plays a critical factor in availability of the machines. Remote
locations of mines, safety of technicians, availability and time taken for spare
parts to reach, all play a role in bringing back the machine to production.
 When you know what's going on inside your equipment, you're one step ahead
in the cost-control battle. You can monitor critical machine parameters,
analyse trends and get real-time alerts when issues arise, so you can take
action to fix problems before they turn into major repairs. You can also track
what equipment is due for service, make sure maintenance gets done on time
and even monitor how a machine performs when it's back on the job. This
helps to run machines as efficiently as possible for as long as possible, while
keeping unplanned downtime to a minimum.