a.

I can point out the main ideas

in the discovery of the
structure of the atom and its
subatomic particles
b. I can cite the contribution of
John Dalton toward the
understanding of the concept
of the chemical elements
c. I can explain how Dalton’s
theory contributed to the
discovery of other elements 2
a. Robert Boyle f. Chemical
Atomic Theory
b. corpuscle g. 3
Fundamental Laws
c. Antoine Lavoisier h. Joseph
Gay-Lussac
d. chemical element i . Amedeo
Avogadro 3
Robert Bolye
4
It is Boyle's Law for which he remains
most famous. This states that if the
volume of a gas is decreased, the
pressure increases proportionally.
Understanding that his results could be
explained if all gases were made of tiny
particles, Boyle tried to construct a
universal 'corpuscular theory' of
chemistry. He defined the modern idea of
an 'element', as well as introducing the
litmus test to tell acids from bases, and
introduced many other standard chemical
tests.
 state the text’s idea on Boyle that
while he was a practitioner of
alchemy, he was also critical about
some of its ideas. Expound on the
highlights of Robert Boyle’s ideas: •
Corpuscles were “certain primitive
and simple, or perfectly unmingled
bodies” that were indivisible and
whole. This went against the
Aristotelian thinking that objects are
made of infinitely divisible elements.
It was more like the idea of
Democritus and Leucippus.
• He recognized elements as the
simplest substances that
constitute mixtures, and that
elements are those that cannot be
decomposed into other
substances via chemical
reactions. He emphasized the
need to observe and test the
presence of corpuscles in
alchemical experiments.
Antoine Lavoisier
 Boyle’s empirical mindset slowly
gained ground. The practice of
performing experiments and
attempting to give possible
explanations to their results and
observations became more
widespread. Around 1789, a French
man named Antoine Lavoisier used
closed vessels and precise weight
measurements in many
experiments to achieve the
following:
• He disproved the principle
of phlogiston, where heated
metals were thought to lose
a substance of negative
weight. Metals, which gain
weight when heated in open
air, actually react with
oxygen air, causing it to
form a calx (metal oxide).
When he heated metal to
form a calx, the weight
of the solid went up, but
the volume of air inside
the vessel went down.
Part of the air became
part of the solid!
12
When he burned the calx to
produce the metal, the weight
of the solid went down, but the
volume of air inside the vessel
increased. The air from this
reaction allowed respiration
and burning that released what
we know as oxygen!
13
 He showed that air is not an
element because it could be
separated into several
components. By looking at the air
from reacting metals and calces,
he found different “types” of air,
one of which caused burning to
happen. Lavoisier called it
oxygen.
14
• He showed that water is not
an element, because it was
made of two substances.
Oxygen was found to produce
water when burned in the
presence of “flammable air” (a
part of air that would be later
called hydrogen).
15
 Lavoisier was able to refute Aristotle’s
thinking of a universe composed of three or
four elements. He had proof of Boyle’s
concept of a simple substance, now known
as the chemical element. A chemical
element is a substance that cannot be
broken down into simpler components. He
defined a compound as a substance
composed of these elements. He came up
with an initial list of 33 elements, and
created a systematic way of naming
elements and the compounds they created.
He also wrote the first Chemistry textbook.
For this and many other contributions, he
became known as the Father of Chemistry.
 This concept of the element
allowed for another great
chemist, to further develop the
concept of the atom. His
Chemical Atomic Theory
merged the concepts of the
atom and element, and
formally established the two in
the practice of chemistry.
WHO?
JOHN DALTON
• Gases, and all chemically
inseparable elements, are made
of atoms.
• The atoms of an element are
identical in their masses.
• Atoms of different elements
have different masses.
• Atoms combine in small, whole
number ratios.
Which aspects of
John Dalton’s theory
are not always true?
 The atoms of an
element are identical in
their masses. The
knowledge we have of
isotopes shows that not
all atoms of a certain
element have the same
mass.
 Dalton proposed his atomic theory as
the best explanation to three
important observations made at the
time. These three observations were
replicable results of experiments done
by different scientists. Since we have
enough evidence to establish these
observations as consistently occurring
under certain conditions of nature,
they are now known as laws, namely,
the 3 Fundamental Laws:
• Antoine Lavoisier’s
Law of Conservation of
Mass
• Joseph Proust’s Law
of Definite Proportions
• John Dalton’s Law of
Multiple Proportions
 The developments in the way we
think about both atoms and
elements as a result of Dalton’s
Chemical Atomic Theory: • that
elements were made of the same
atoms and had properties unique
to the element, while chemical
compounds were made of different
combined or compounded atoms,
and exhibited different sets of
properties.
• that one could compute the
weights of elements (and their
atoms) by looking at comparable
amounts of the compounds they
formed.
• that one could compute atomic
weights compared to a reference.
Dalton set the atomic weight of
hydrogen to 1 as this reference. For
this reason, the unit for atomic
weight was called the dalton for
some time (it is now called the AMU
or atomic mass unit).
 John Dalton
1766 – 1844
British chemist & teacher
 Late 1700’s – scientists learned
elements combined specific ratios
(based on mass) to form compounds
 Dalton used actual experiments
 Introduced his ideas in 1803
 All substances made of atoms
 All the atoms of a given element are
identical, but they differ from those of
any other element
 Atoms are neither created nor
destroyed
 A given compound always has the
same relative numbers and kinds of
atoms 26
Cite other scientists who
made headway in the
concept of the element.
• Joseph Gay-Lussac
determined that
oxygen gas was made
of 2 atoms of oxygen
and took the form of a
molecule instead of an
atom. This offered the
possibility that an
element wasn’t
necessarily made up of
one atom, thus
distinguishing the atom
from the molecule.
• Amedeo Avogadro (the
man who conceptualized
the mole) determined that
equivalent volumes of two
gases under similar
conditions contained equal
numbers of particles, and
that differences in their
masses was a result of a
difference in their
molecular mass. Thus, he
figured out a reliable way of
weighing atoms and
molecules. This was
something Dalton lacked in
his theory.
• Later on, Dmitri
Mendeleev published a
periodic table of
elements that ordered
elements according to
their atomic weights. He
noted patterns in their
properties that enabled
him to predict the
discovery of other
elements. His table
became the basis of the
modern Periodic Table.
• Many other scientists in the
19th century discovered more
elements, thanks to Dalton’s
theory, Mendeleev’s table, and
the advent of improved
analytical and decomposition
techniques. From Lavoisier’s
33 elements, the century
ended with 82.
32
 Choose from one of the three
significant names in the
discussion: Boyle, Lavoisier, or
Dalton. You must write five to
seven paragraphs on the life of
your chosen scientist,
highlighting three to five
significant contributions to
Science as a whole (not
necessarily Chemistry).
33
 Enrichment:

Who is Henry
Moseley?
35
Development of Atomic Theory

36
 John Dalton
1766 – 1844
British chemist & teacher
 Late 1700’s – scientists learned
elements combined specific ratios
(based on mass) to form compounds
 Dalton used actual experiments
 Introduced his ideas in 1803
 All substances made of atoms
 All the atoms of a given element are
identical, but they differ from those of
any other element
 Atoms are neither created nor
destroyed
 A given compound always has the
same relative numbers and kinds of
atoms 37
 J.J. Thomson
1856 – 1940
British Scientist
 Discovered electron 1897 –
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Experiment
 Discovered small particle
inside the atom
 Called them corpuscles
 Now called electrons
 Found in all atoms
 All were identical
 All had negative charge 38
 J.J. Thomson
1856 – 1940
British Scientist
 Knew atoms had neutral
charge
 Must also be a + charge
 Didn’t know location of + or -
particles
 Plum Pudding model 1904
 Electrons in a soup of
positive charges
 He also discovered isotopes
in 1913
39
J.J. Thomson’s
Plum Pudding Model

40
 Ernest Rutherford
1871 – 1937
he was one of J.J. Thomson’s students
 In 1909 and 1910 he did his
gold foil experiment
 Discovered the center of atom
 small, dense, with a + charge
 Called that the nucleus
 An atom’s mass is mostly in
the nucleus

41
 Ernest Rutherford’s
Gold Foil Experiment

42
 Ernest Rutherford

 Calculated that the diameter of nucleus

is 100,000 times smaller than the
diameter of the gold atom
 Electrons in fixed orbit
 Nucleus Theory

43
Rutherford’s Model
of the Atom

44
 Niels Bohr
1885 – 1962
Danish Scientist
 Proposed Planetary Model in 1913
 Nucleus surrounded by orbiting
electrons at different energy
levels (different distances from
nucleus)
 Electrons have definite orbits
 No paths in between
 Electrons can “jump” from level to
level
 Showed why different atoms
interact and why they are reactive 45
or not
 The Bohr Model of the Atom

 Bohr later worked on the

Manhattan Project
46
Bohr Model of Nitrogen Atom

47
 Manhattan Project
1942 - 1946
 Developed the atomic bomb
 Trinity test (July 16, 1945)
 1st human-engineered atomic
explosion
 Little Boy
 1st nuclear bomb used – Hiroshima
 Fat Boy
 2nd (last) nuclear bomb used -
Nagasaki 48
 Modern Atomic Theory

 Erwin Schrödinger
(1887 – 1961)

 Werner Heisenberg
(1901 – 1976)

49
 Modern Atomic Theory
 Schrödinger and Heisenberg
 Explained nature of electrons
 Electron Cloud Model
 Electrons don’t travel in specific paths but
in a general area
 Can only predict probability of an
electrons location

50
 AtomicAtomic
Theory Timeline
Theory

Democratus JJ Niels
Thomson Bohr

400 BC 1803 1904 1910 1913 1926

John Ernest Schroedinger

Dalton Rutherford / Heisenberg
 Next Atomic Theory?

 Which one of you will

develop a better atomic
theory and win the Nobel
Prize?

52
Atomic Structure
composed of 3 subatomic particles

Proton

Neutron Electron

53
 The Atom
 Madeup of three
subatomic particles
 Proton Electron

 Neutron Proton
 Electron
Neutron

54
 The Nucleus
 Center of the atom
 99.9% of mass
 2 particles
 Proton
 Positive charge
 1.7 x 10-24 g
 1 amu
 Neutron
 Neutron
 Neutral charge
 1 amu
 Slightly more mass than proton
55
 The Electron
 Electron
 Negative charge
 ~0 amu (1/1836 amu) (takes 1836 electrons to = 1 amu)
 Orbit around nucleus billions times/sec
 Location of electron depends on amount of
energy the electron has
 Properties of elements depend on the # of
electrons in various energy levels
 # of electrons in outer energy level determines an
elements ability to bond (combine) with other
elements 56
 Subatomic Particles
 All protons are identical to all
other protons
 All neutrons are identical to all
other neutrons
 All electrons are identical to all
other neutrons

57
 Electron Cloud
 Region around the nucleus where
electrons are likely to be found
 Located outside the nucleus
 Like bees around a beehive
 The further away from the nucleus an
electron is, the more energy it has

58
 Electron Cloud
 1st ring - 2 electrons

 2nd ring - 8 electrons

 3rd ring - 8 electrons

59
 Atomic Mass &
Atomic Number
 Atomic number = number of protons
 Atomic Mass = average mass of isotopes
of an element = the total number of
protons & neutrons in the nucleus

Atomic Number

Atomic Mass 60
 Isotopes
 an atom with the same number of
protons but different number of
neutrons
 Same atomic number, different atomic mass

61
 Isotopes
 Atomic number = total # of protons
 Mass number = sum of protons and
neutrons
 Isotopes have different mass numbers
but the same atomic numbers
 Isotopes share most of same physical
and chemical properties
62
 Radioactive Isotopes
 Unique property of some isotopes
 They are unstable
 Called radioactive decay
 Nucleus changes composition
 Become different elements!
 Not random – follow specific path of
different elements

63
 Drawing atoms – Carbon
(we will always use the Bohr model to draw atoms)

Steps:
1. Find number of protons Atomic
number

Number of
Protons = ?
6 64
 Drawing an atom

Steps:
2. Find number of electrons same as

3.
number of protons 6
Find number of neutrons
atomic mass – atomic number

12-6=6
65
Final Drawing of a
Carbon atom

P=6
N=6

66