Presented By-

SANDIP KUMAR PATTANAIK

ROLL NO.---0401101169
1. Introduction.
2. History of GPS
3. Components of GPS
4. How does GPS work
5. GPS capabilities
6. Errors in GPS system.
7. Parts of GPS Network
8. Application of GPS system
9. Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based
navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites
that orbit the Earth and make it possible for people with
ground receivers to pinpoint their geographic location
GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very
precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth.
GPS satellites orbit around 11000 nautical miles above
the Earth. They are monitored continuously at the
ground station around the world.
 United States Department of Defense developed the
system, officially named NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation
Signal Timing and Ranging GPS), and the satellite
constellation is managed by the 50th Space Wing at
Schriever Air Force Base. Although the cost of
maintaining the system is approximately US$400
million per year, including the replacement of aging
satellites, GPS is available for free use in civilian
applications as a public good.
 In late 2005, the first in a series of next-generation
GPS satellites was added to the constellation,
offering several new capabilities.
 There is also another GPS system in Russia known as
GLONASS which may prove complementary to
NAVSTAR
 HISTORY OF GPS
GPS was first launched in the year 1978.
The first 10 satellites launched were
developmental satellite.
The launch of 24th satellite was completed in
1994.
The Third generation satellite, block IIR were
launched in 1997.
The Next generation, Block IIF, is launched in
late 2005.
 VISUAL EXAMPLE OF GPS

 A visual example of the GPS constellation in motion with the Earth

rotating. Notice how the number of satellites in view from a given point
on the Earth's surface, in this example at 45°N, changes with time.
 Components of the GPS

GPS

S p a c e S e g m e n t C o n tro l S e g m e n t U s e r S e g m e n t
 Space Segment:
24 GPS space
vehicles(SVs).
Satellites orbit the
earth in 12 hrs.
6 orbital planes
inclined at 55 degrees
with the equator.
This constellation
provides 5 to 8 SVs
from any point on the
earth.
 Configuration

orbital plane
20,200 km

55°

equator

×6 planes

Paul Lammertsma
Control segment:
The control segment
comprises of 5 stations.
They measure the
distances of the overhead
satellites every 1.5 seconds
and send the corrected
data to Master control.
Here the satellite orbit,
clock performance and
health of the satellite are
determined and
determines whether
repositioning is required.
This information is sent to
the three uplink stations
User Segment:
It consists of receivers that decode the signals from the
satellites.

The receiver performs following tasks:

Selecting one or more satellites
Acquiring GPS signals
Measuring and tracking
Recovering navigation data
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based
navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites
placed into the orbit of earth.

 GPS was originally intended for military applications, but

later on the government made the system available for civilian
use.

GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the

world, 24 hours a day.

 There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS.

GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise

orbit and transmit signal information to earth.
United States Department of Defense developed the system,
officially named NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation Signal Timing and
Ranging GPS), and the satellite constellation is managed by the
50th Space Wing at Schriever Air Force Base. Although the cost of
maintaining the system is approximately US$400 million per year,
including the replacement of aging satellites, GPS is available for
free use in civilian applications as a public good.

In late 2005, the first in a series of next-generation GPS satellites

was added to the constellation, offering several new capabilities.

 There is also another GPS system in Russia known as

GLONASS which may prove complementary to NAVSTAR
Here are some other interesting facts about the
GPS satellites (also called NAVSTAR, the official
U.S. Department of Defense name for GPS):
The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978.
A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in
1994.
Each satellite is built to last about 10 years.
Replacements are constantly being built and
launched into orbit.
A GPS satellite weighs approximately 2,000 pounds
and is about 17 feet across with the solar panels
extended.
Transmitter power is only 50 watts or less.
A Ground Track map shows how this
scheme covers the Earth.
 Space Segment:
24 GPS space
vehicles(SVs).
Satellites orbit the
earth in 12 hrs.
6 orbital planes
inclined at 55 degrees
with the equator.
This constellation
provides 5 to 8 SVs
from any point on the
earth.
 Configuration

orbital plane
20,200 km

55°

equator

×6 planes

Paul Lammertsma
Control segment:
The control segment
comprises of 5 stations.
They measure the
distances of the overhead
satellites every 1.5 seconds
and send the corrected
data to Master control.
Here the satellite orbit,
clock performance and
health of the satellite are
determined and
determines whether
repositioning is required.
This information is sent to
the three uplink stations
User Segment:
It consists of receivers that decode the signals from the
satellites.

The receiver performs following tasks:

Selecting one or more satellites
Acquiring GPS signals
Measuring and tracking
Recovering navigation data
User Segment:
There are two services SPS and PPS
The Standard Positioning Service
 Each satellite transmits two l band frequencies L1 &L2
 SPS- is position accuracy based on GPS measurements
on single L1 frequency C/A code
 C/A ( coarse /acquisition or clear/access) does pseudo
random bi phase modulation on L1 freq
User Segment:
The Precise Position Service
PPS is the highest level of dynamic positioning based on
the dual freq P-code
The P-code is a very long pseudo-random bi phase
modulation on the GPS carrier which does not repeat for
267 days
Only authorized users, this consists of SPS signal plus
the P code on L1 and L2 and carrier phase measurement
on L2
The Broadcast

 Satellites broadcast over two reserved frequencies

 L1 frequency, at 1575.42 MHz
 L2 frequency, at 1227.6 MHz
 L1 carries a C/A code, which can be identified by
civil receivers
 L1 & L2 carry a P code, which can only be identified
by the U.S. military
GPS Satellite Signal:
L1 freq. (1575.42 MHz) carries the SPS code and
the navigation message.
L2 freq. (1227.60 MHz) used to measure
ionosphere delays by PPS receivers
2 binary codes on L1 &L2 by the carrier phase are
The C/A code
The P code
How does the GPS work?
Requirements
Triangulation from satellite
Distance measurement through travel time of radio
signals
Very accurate timing required
To measure distance ,the location of the satellite
should also be known
Finally delays have to be corrected
 Requirements
PARTS OF GPS NETWORK

 GPS satellites.

 GPS ground support.

 GPS receivers.
Triangulation
Position is calculated
from distance
measurement
Mathematically we
need four satellites
but three are
sufficient by rejecting
the ridiculous answer
Pseudo range

We’re exactly here

In two dimensions, this is the ideal situation

How it works
Measuring Distance
Distance to a satellite is determined by measuring how
long a radio signal takes to reach us from the satellite
Assuming the satellite and receiver clocks are sync.
The delay of the code in the receiver multiplied by the
speed of light gives us the distance

Distance = Time delay X Speed of light

The GPS receiver and satellite generate the same pseudo-random code at
exactly the same time. When the code arrives from the satellite, the time
difference is compared to the same code generated by the receiver. This
difference is multiplied by the speed of light (186,000 miles per second) to
determine the distance to the satellite.
Getting Perfect timing
If the clocks are perfect sync the satellite range will
intersect at a single point.
But imperfect if the four satellite will not intersect at
the same point.
The receiver looks for a common correction that will
make all the satellite intersect at the same point
Typical GPS Applications
 Location - determining a basic position

 Navigation - getting from one location to another

 Tracking - monitoring the movement of people and

things.

 Mapping - creating maps of the world

 Timing - bringing precise timing to the world

Sublocations can have multiple
scales
– Country level
– State level
– City level
– Campus level
Errors
Other objects exert gravitational force on each satellite
(e.g. sun, moon)
Effect of gravity is non-uniform during orbit.
Radiation pressure (due to solar radiation).
Atmospheric drag
Other effects
Conclusion:
 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) give three-dimensional position, velocity and
time information to suitably equip users anywhere on or near the surface of the
Earth (and sometimes off the earth).
 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are extended GPS systems, providing
users with sufficient accuracy and integrity information to be useable for critical
navigation applications.
 By combining GPS with current and future computer mapping techniques, we will
be better able to identify and manage our natural resources.
 Intelligent vehicle location and navigation systems will let us avoid congested
freeways and find more efficient routes to our destinations, saving millions of
dollars in gasoline and tons of air pollution.
 Reference

Web Sites:-
•www. Garmin.com
•www.cc.gatech.edu/ccg
•www.ngs.noaa.gov/GPS/GPS.html
•www.seminars4u.com
•www.wikipedia.org/wiki/gps
•www.howstuffworks.com
•www.gps.com
•www.nemisis.in