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    Practical Physics of Ultrasound

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    Jazib Shahid
    This document defines key concepts in ultrasound physics and technology. It discusses how ultrasound works via the piezoelectric effect to emit sound waves that reflect off tissues. The reflection depends on acoustic impedance, which describes a tissue's resistance to ultrasound based on density and sound speed. Higher frequency ultrasound has better resolution but shallower penetration depth. Different transducer types like linear arrays are used with various imaging modes such as B-mode to visualize anatomical structures and Doppler mode to detect blood flow.

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    Practical Physics of Ultrasound

    Uploaded by

    Jazib Shahid
    155 views31 pages
    This document defines key concepts in ultrasound physics and technology. It discusses how ultrasound works via the piezoelectric effect to emit sound waves that reflect off tissues. The reflection depends on acoustic impedance, which describes a tissue's resistance to ultrasound based on density and sound speed. Higher frequency ultrasound has better resolution but shallower penetration depth. Different transducer types like linear arrays are used with various imaging modes such as B-mode to visualize anatomical structures and Doppler mode to detect blood flow.

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    This document defines key concepts in ultrasound physics and technology. It discusses how ultrasound works via the piezoelectric effect to emit sound waves that reflect off tissues. The reflection depends on acoustic impedance, which describes a tissue's resistance to ultrasound based on density and sound speed. Higher frequency ultrasound has better resolution but shallower penetration depth. Different transducer types like linear arrays are used with various imaging modes such as B-mode to visualize anatomical structures and Doppler mode to detect blood flow.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    155 views31 pages

    Practical Physics of Ultrasound

    Uploaded by

    Jazib Shahid
    This document defines key concepts in ultrasound physics and technology. It discusses how ultrasound works via the piezoelectric effect to emit sound waves that reflect off tissues. The reflection depends on acoustic impedance, which describes a tissue's resistance to ultrasound based on density and sound speed. Higher frequency ultrasound has better resolution but shallower penetration depth. Different transducer types like linear arrays are used with various imaging modes such as B-mode to visualize anatomical structures and Doppler mode to detect blood flow.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 31

    Practical Physics of

    Ultrasound
    Dr Muhammad Jazib Shahid
    Objectives

     Definition of Ultrasound
     Basic Ultrasound Physics
     How Ultrasound Works
     Interaction of Ultrasound with Tissue
     Echogenicities
     Acoustic Impedance
     Resolution
     Frequency vs Resolution
     Transducers and different types
     Modes
    Definition of Ultrasound

     Ultrasound is a sound wave frequency exceeding the


    upper limit of human hearing i.e 20,000Hz
     Frequency ranges used in medical ultrasound imaging are
    2-15MHz.
    Basic Ultrasound Physics
    Velocity

     Speed at which sound wave travels through a medium


     Determined by the density and stiffness of the media
    . Slowest in air/gas
    . Fastest in solids
     average speed of ultrasound in body is 1540m/sec
    Frequency

     Number of cycles per second


     Units is Hertz (Hz)
     Ultrasound imaging frequency range is is 2-20MHz
     Lower the frequency, higher the penetration.
     Higher the frequency, lower the penetration
    Wavelength

     Distance over which one cycle occurs.


    Amplitude

     The strength/intensity of sound wave at any given time


     Represent as height of the wave.
     Decreases with increasing depth
     Defines the brightness of the image
    How Ultrasound machine works?
    Piezoelectric Effect

     Electrical energy converted to sound waves


     The sound waves are reflected by the tissue
     Reflected sound waves are converted to electrical signal and later to image
    Interaction of Ultrasound with Tissue

     Reflection
     Transmission
     Attenuation
     Scattering
    Reflection

     Occurs at the boundary between two adjacent tissues or media


     The amount of reflection depends on differences in acoustic impedance
    between media
     The ultrasound image is formed from reflected echoes.
    Transmission

     Not all the sound waves are reflected. Some continue deeper into the body
     These waves will reflect from deeper tissue structures
    Attenuation

     The deeper the wave travels in the body, the weaker it becomes
     The amplitude of the wave decreases with increasing depth
    Scattering

     Redirection of sound in several direction


     Caused by interaction with small reflector or rough surface
     Only portion of sound wave returns to the transducer
    Echogenicity (caused by reflection)
    Echogenecity
    Acoustic Impedance

     Acoustic impedance (Z) is a physical property of tissue. It describes how


    much resistance an ultrasound beam encounters as it passes through a
    tissue. Acoustic impedance depends on: the density of the tissue and speed
    of sound waves
     Velocities
    . Soft tissue: 1400-1600 m/s
    . Bone: 4080 m/s
    .Air: 330 m/s
     So, if the density of a tissue increases, impedance increases. Similarly, but
    less intuitively, if the speed of sound increases, then impedance also
    increases
    Acoustic Impedance and Reflection

     REFLECTION occurs with ultrasound waves when two adjacent tissues


    have Significantly Different Impedance Values.
    Resolution

     The ability to differentiate between structures that are closely related , both
    in terms of space and echo amplitude.
     Types:
    . Spatial resolution: describes how two physically close two objects can be
    and displayed separately.
    . Gray scale resolution: ability to resolve two adjacent objects of similar
    intensity/reflective properties as separate objects.
    Frequency vs Resolution

     Higher the frequency, the better the resolution .


     Lower the frequency, the less the resolution.
     A 12Mhz transducer has very good resolution but cannot
    penetrate very deep inti the body.
     A 3Mhz transducer can penetrate deep into the body but
    the resolution is not as good as 12Mhz transducer.
    Transducers

     It is the hand-held part of the ultrasound machine that is


    responsible for the production and detection of ultrasound
    waves.

    Lead zirconate
    titanate (PZT)
    Linear array

    5-10Mhz
    Curved array

    3-5Mhz
    Intraluminal array

    5-10Mhz
    Modes

     A-Mode (Amplitude mode)


     B-Mode (Brightness mode)
     M-Mode (Motion mode)
     D-mode (Doppler mode)
    Types of mode

    B-Mode M-Mode
    Mode

    D-Mode
    Doppler Mode

     It is used to evaluate movement either towards or away from the ultrasound


    probe/transducer. The most common Doppler ultrasound application we think
    of is detecting movement of blood.
    Color Doppler
    Thank you for your
    Attention

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