Apollo 1b-2f

Janice Abayon (space 3

abayon)

Christian Dula (space

1 cian)

Carla Catarata
(space 2 irethel)
Solar System
1. Overview
galaxy􀀁aahuge
A. The solar system is located in the Milky Way galaxy hugedisc-
disc-and
andspiral-
spiral-
shaped aggregation of about at least 100 billion stars and other bodies;
B. Its spiral arms rotate around a globular cluster or bulge of many, many stars, at
the center of which lies a super-massive blackhole;
C. This galaxy is about 100 million light years across (1 light year = 9.4607 × 1012 km;
D. The solar system revolves around the galactic center once in about 240 million
years;
E. The Milky Way is part of the so-called Local Group of galaxies, which in turn is
part of the Virgo super cluster of galaxies;
F. Based on the assumption that they are remnants of the materials from which
they were formed, radioactive dating of meteorites, suggests that the Earth and
solar system are 4.6 billion years old on the assumption that they are remnants of
the materials from which they were formed.
Large Scale Features of
the Solar System 1. Much of the mass of the Solar System is
concentrated at the center (Sun) while
angular momentum is held by the outer
planets.
2. Orbits of the planets elliptical and are on
the same plane.
3. All planets revolve around the sun.
4. The periods of revolution of the planets
increase with increasing distance from the
INSERT PIC HERE Sun; the innermost planet moves fastest,
the outermost, the slowest;
5. All planets are located at regular
intervals from the Sun.
 Small scale features of the Solar System

1. Most planets rotate pro-grade

Inner terrestrial planets are made of materials with high melting points
such as silicates, iron, and nickel. They rotate slower, have thin or no
atmosphere, higher densities, and lower contents of volatiles - hydrogen,
helium, and noble gases.

3. The outer four planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are called "gas
giants" because of the dominance of gases and their larger size. They rotate
faster; have thick atmosphere, lower densities, and fluid interiors rich in
hydrogen, helium and ices (water, ammonia, methane).
Element Abundance on Earth, 1. The table below shows the abundance of elements
across bodies in the solar system as compared to
Meteorites, and Universe abundance in the universe.
A. Except for hydrogen, helium, inert gases, and
volatiles, the universe and Earth have similar
abundance especially for rock and metal elements.
B. The sun and the large planets have enough gravity
to retain hydrogen and helium. Rare inert gases are
too light for the Earth’s gravity to retain, thus the low
abundance.
C. Retention of volatile elements by the Earth is
consistent with the idea that some materials that
INSERT PIC HERE formed the Earth and the solar system were “cold”
and solid; otherwise, the volatiles would have been
lost. These suggest that the Earth and the solar system
could be derived from materials with composition
similar to that of the universe.
D. The presence of heavy elements such as lead, silver,
and uranium on Earth suggests that it was derived
from remnants of a supernova and that the Sun is a
second-generation star made by recycling materials.
Abundance of elements
Earth’s origins are known mainly from its compositional
differences with the entire Universe. Planet-making process
modified original cosmic material.
Elemental abundances in Earth vs Universe (atoms
per 10,000 atoms Silicon)

ROCK CONTINENTAL UNIVERSE METEORITES WHOLE

MAKERS CRUST EARTH

Si 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000

Al 3,000 950 740 740
Fe 960 6,000 9,300 11,500
Mg 940 9,100 9,700 9,700
Ca 1,020 490 520 520
Na 1,040 440 460 460
K 540 30 40 40
Mn 18 70 70 70
Ti 104 20 20 20
Ni 13 270 450 750
P 35 100 60 60
Cr 19 80 90 90
Elemental abundances in Earth vs. Universe
(atoms per 10,000 atoms Silicon)
Origin of the Solar System
Any acceptable scientific thought on the origin of the solar system has to be consistent with
and supported by information about it (e.g. large- and small-scale features, composition).
There will be a need to revise currently accepted ideas should data no longer support them.
Rival Theories
Many theories have been proposed since about four centuries ago. Each has weaknesses in
explaining all characteristics of the solar system. A few are discussed below.
Nebular Hypothesis
In the 1700s Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre-Simon Laplace
independently thought of a rotating gaseous cloud that cools and contracts in the middle to
form the sun and the rest into a disc that become the planets. This nebular theory failed to
account for the distribution of angular momentum in the solar system.
Encounter Hypothesis:
A. Buffon’s (1749) Sun-comet encounter that sent matter to form planet;
B. James Jeans’ (1917) sun-star encounter that would have drawn from the sun matter that would condense
to planets,
C. T.C. Chamberlain and F. R. Moulton’s (1904) planetesimal hypothesis involving a star much bigger than
the Sun passing by the Sun and draws gaseous filaments from both out which planetesimals were formed;
D. Ray Lyttleton’s (1940) sun’s companion star is colliding with another to form a proto-planet that breaks
up to form Jupiter and Saturn.
E. Otto Schmidt’s accretion theory proposed that the Sun passed through a dense interstellar cloudand
emerged with a dusty, gaseous envelope that eventually became the planets. However, it cannot explain how
the planets and satellites were formed. The time required to form the planets exceeds the age of the solar
system.
F. M.M. Woolfson’s capture theory is a variation of James Jeans’ near-collision hypothesis. In this scenario,
the Sun drags from a near proto-star a filament of material which becomes the planets.
Collisions between proto-planets close to the Sun produced the terrestrial planets; condensations in the
filament produced the giant planets and their satellites. Different ages for the Sun and planets is predic

Sun - Star interaction

Protoplanet Hypothesis - Current Hypothesis
A. About 4.6 billion years ago, in the Orion arm of the Milky Way galaxy, a slowly-rotating gas and
A. About 4.6 billion years ago, in the Orion arm of the Milky Way galaxy, a slowly-rotating gas and
dust cloud dominated by hydrogen and helium starts to contract due to gravity
dust cloud dominated by hydrogen and helium starts to contract due to gravity
B. As most of the mass move to the center to eventually become a proto-Sun, the remaining
B. As most of the mass move to the center to eventually become a proto-Sun, the remaining materials
materials form a disc that will eventually become the planets and momentum is transferred
form a disc that will eventually become the planets and momentum is transferred outwards.
outwards.
C. Due to collisions, fragments of dust and solid matter begin sticking to each other to form larger
C. Due to collisions, fragments of dust and solid matter begin sticking to each other to form larger
and larger bodies from meter to kilometer in size. These proto planets are accretions of frozen water,
and larger bodies from meter to kilometer in size. These proto planets are accretions of frozen
ammonia, methane, silicon, aluminum, iron, and other metals in rock and mineral grains enveloped
water, ammonia, methane, silicon, aluminum, iron, and other metals in rock and mineral grains
in hydrogen and helium.
enveloped in hydrogen and helium.
D. High-speed collisions with large objects destroys much of the mantle of Mercury, puts Venus in
D. High-speed collisions with large objects destroys much of the mantle of Mercury, puts Venus in
retrograde rotation.
retrograde rotation.
E. Collision of the Earth with large object produces the moon. This is supported by the composition of
E. Collision of the Earth with large object produces the moon. This is supported by the
the moon very similar to the Earth's Mantle
composition of the moon very similar to the Earth's Mantle
F. When the proto-Sun is established as a star, its solar wind blasts hydrogen, helium, and volatiles
F. When the proto-Sun is established as a star, its solar wind blasts hydrogen, helium, and volatiles
from the inner planets to beyond Mars to form the gas giants leaving behind a system we know today.
from the inner planets to beyond Mars to form the gas giants leaving behind a system we know
today.
Recent advancement/information on the
Solar System
Exploration of Mars
Since the 1960s, the Soviet Union and the U.S. have been sending unmanned probes to the planet
Mars with the primary purpose of testing the planet's habitability. The early efforts in the exploration
of Mars involved flybys through which spectacular photographs of the Martian surface were
taken.The first successful landing and operation on the surface of Mars occurred in 1975 under the
Viking program of NASA. Recently, NASA, using high resolution imagery of the surface of Mars,
presented evidence of seasonal flow liquid water (in the form of brine - salty water) on the surface of
Mars.

Rosetta's Comet
Rosetta is a space probe built by the European Space Agency and launched on 2 March 2004. One of
its mission is to rendezvous with and attempt to land a probe (Philae) on a comet in the Kuiper
Belt.One of the purposes of the mission is to better understand comets and the early solar systems.
Philae landed successfully on comet (67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko) on 12 November 2014.
Analysis of the water (ice) from the comet suggest that its isotopic composition is different from water
from Earth.
Pluto Flyby

On 14 July 2015, NASA's New Horizon spacecraft provided mankind the first close-up view of the
dwarf planet Pluto. Images captured from the flyby revealed a complex terrain - ice mountains and
vast crater free plains. The presence of crater free plains suggests recent (last 100 millions of years)
of geologic activity.
THANK YOU
IMPOSTOR