ABHISHEK KUMAR

ASIF AHMAD
NIKET RAKESHAN
ZEESHAN ALI
 A power station (also referred to as generating station, power
plant, or powerhouse) is an industrial facility for
the generation of electric power.
 At the centre of nearly all power stations is
a generator, a rotating machine that converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy by creating relative motion between a magnetic
field and a conductor, and a modular synth from which all
power comes. The energy source harnessed to turn the
generator varies widely. It depends chiefly on which fuels are
easily available and on the types of technology that the power
company has access to.
 In thermal power stations, mechanical power is produced by a heat
engine that transforms thermal energy, often from combustion of
a fuel, into rotational energy.
 Thermal Power Plants contribute maximum to the generation of
Power for any country.
 Thermal Power Plants constitute 75.43% of the total installed
captive and non-captive power generation in India.
 In thermal generating stations coal, oil, natural gas, etc are
employed as primary sources of energy.
Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal power station
Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal power
station

1. Cooling tower 10. Steam Control valve 19. Superheater

2. Cooling water pump 11. High pressure steam turbine 20. Forced draught (draft) fan
3. transmission line (3-phase) 12. Deaerator 21. Reheater
4. Step-up transformer (3-phase) 13. Feed water heater 22. Combustion air intake
5. Electrical generator (3-phase) 14. Coal conveyor 23. Economiser
6. Low pressure steam turbine 15. Coal hopper 24. Air preheater
7. Condensate pump 16. Coal pulveriser 25. Precipitator
8. Surface condenser 17. Boiler steam drum 26. Induced draught (draft) fan
9. Intermediate pressure steam
18. Bottom ash hopper 27. Flue gas stack
turbine
Main parts of the plant are
1. Coal conveyor 
2. Stoker 
3. Pulveriser 
4. Boiler 
5. Super heater
6. Reheater
7. Air preheater
8. Deaerator
9. Turbine(PRIME MOVER)
10. Condenser
11. Cooling towers
12. Electrostatic precipitator
13. Smoke stack 
14. Generator  
15. Transformers  
16. Control room & Switchyard
Coal conveyor : This is a belt type of arrangement. With this coal is
transported from coal storage place in power plant to the place near by
boiler. 
Stoker : The coal which is brought near by boiler has to put in boiler furnace
for combustion. This stoker is a mechanical device for feeding coal to a
furnace.
Pulverizer : The coal is put in the boiler after pulverization. For this pulverizer
is used. A pulverizer is a device for grinding coal for combustion in a furnace in
a power plant. A pulverizer is a device for grinding coal for combustion in a
furnace in a power plant.
Boiler : Now that pulverized coal is put in boiler furnace. Boiler is an enclosed vessel in
which water is heated and circulated until the water is turned in to steam at the
required pressure. Coal is burned inside the combustion chamber of boiler. The
products of combustion are nothing but gases. These gases which are at high
temperature vaporize the water inside the boiler to steam. Some times this steam is
further heated in a super heater as higher the steam pressure and temperature the
greater efficiency the engine will have in converting the heat in steam in to mechanical
work. This steam at high pressure and temperature is used directly as a heating
medium, or as the working fluid in a prime mover to convert thermal energy to
mechanical work, which in turn may be converted to electrical energy. Although other
fluids are sometimes used for these purposes, water is by far the most common
because of its economy and suitable thermodynamic characteristics.
Superheater : Most of the modern boilers are having super heater and
reheater arrangement. Superheater is a component of a steam-generating unit
in which steam, after it has left the boiler drum, is heated above its saturation
temperature. The amount of superheat added to the steam is influenced by
the location, arrangement, and amount of super heater surface installed, as
well as the rating of the boiler. The super heater may consist of one or more
stages of tube banks arranged to effectively transfer heat from the products of
combustion. Super heaters are classified as convection , radiant or
combination of these.
Reheater : Some of the heat of superheated steam is used to rotate the turbine where it
loses some of its energy. Reheater is also steam boiler component in which heat is
added to this intermediate-pressure steam, which has given up some of its energy in
expansion through the high-pressure turbine. The steam after reheating is used to
rotate the second steam turbine where the heat is converted to mechanical energy. This
mechanical energy is used to run the alternator, which is coupled to turbine , there by
generating electrical energy.
Economiser : Flue gases coming out of the boiler carry lot of heat. Function of
economiser is to recover some of the heat from the heat carried away in the flue
gases up the chimney and utilize for heating the feed water to the boiler. It is
placed in the passage of flue gases in between the exit from the boiler and the
entry to the chimney. The use of economiser results in saving in coal consumption ,
increase in steaming rate and high boiler efficiency but needs extra investment and
increase in maintenance costs and floor area required for the plant. This is used in
all modern plants. In this a large number of small diameter thin walled tubes are
placed between two headers. Feed water enters the tube through one header and
leaves through the other. The flue gases flow out side the tubes usually in counter
flow.

Air preheater : The remaining heat of flue gases is utilized by air preheater. It is
a device used in steam boilers to transfer heat from the flue gases to the
combustion air before the air enters the furnace. Also known as air heater; air-
heating system. It is not shown in the lay out. But it is kept at a place near by where
the air enters in to the boiler.
The purpose of the air preheater is to recover the heat from the flue gas from the
boiler to improve boiler efficiency by burning warm air which increases combustion
efficiency, and reducing useful heat lost from the flue.
Deaerator : A steam generating boiler requires that the boiler feed water should be
devoid of air and other dissolved gases, particularly corrosive ones, in order to
avoid corrosion of the metal.
Generally, power stations use a Deaerator to provide for the removal of air and
other dissolved gases from the boiler feed water. A deaerator typically includes a
vertical, domed deaeration section mounted on top of a horizontal cylindrical
vessel which serves as the deaerated boiler feed water storage tank.
Prime Movers: These depend on the fuel used. Coal fired plants
use Steam Turbines. In case of coal fired plants steam produced in
the boiler is passed through an axial flow turbine. The turbine is
coupled to the generator and thus energy conversion is achieved.
Increasing the unit capacity from 100MW to 250MW results in
saving of about 15% in their capital cost per kW. Moreover units of
this magnitude result in fuel saving of almost 8% per kWh. The cost
of installation is also low for such units.
Condenser : Steam after rotating steam turbine comes to condenser. Condenser
refers here to the shell and tube heat exchanger (or surface condenser) installed
at the outlet of every steam turbine in Thermal power stations of utility
companies generally. These condensers are heat exchangers which convert
steam from its gaseous to its liquid state, also known as phase transition. In so
doing, the latent heat of steam is given out inside the condenser. Where water is
in short supply an air cooled condenser is often used. An air cooled condenser is
however significantly more expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine
backpressure (and therefore less efficient) as a surface condenser.

The purpose is to condense the outlet (or exhaust) steam from steam

turbine to obtain maximum efficiency and also to get the condensed steam in the
form of pure water, otherwise known as condensate, back to steam generator or
(boiler) as boiler feed water.
Cooling Towers :The condensate (water) formed in the condenser after
condensation is initially at high temperature. This hot water is passed to
cooling towers. It is a tower- or building-like device in which atmospheric air
(the heat receiver) circulates in direct or indirect contact with warmer water
(the heat source) and the water is thereby cooled. A cooling tower may serve
as the heat sink in a conventional thermodynamic process, such as
refrigeration or steam power generation, and when it is convenient or
desirable to make final heat rejection to atmospheric air. Water, acting as the
heat-transfer fluid, gives up heat to atmospheric air, and thus cooled,
is recirculated through the system, affording economical operation of the
process.
Electrostatic precipitator : It is a device which removes dust or other finely divided
particles from flue gases by charging the particles inductively with an electric field, then
attracting them to highly charged collector plates. Also known as precipitator. The
process depends on two steps. In the first step the suspension passes through an
electric discharge (corona discharge) area where ionization of the gas occurs. The ions
produced collide with the suspended particles and confer on them an electric charge.
The charged particles drift toward an electrode of opposite sign and are deposited on
the electrode where their electric charge is neutralized. The phenomenon would be
more correctly designated as electrode position from the gas phase.
Smoke stack : A chimney is a system for venting hot flue gases or smoke from
a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. They are typically
almost vertical to ensure that the hot gases flow smoothly, drawing air into
the combustion through the chimney effect (also known as the stack effect). The
space inside a chimney is called a flue. Chimneys may be found in buildings, steam
locomotives and ships. In the US, the term smokestack (colloquially, stack) is also
used when referring to locomotive chimneys. The term funnel is generally used for
ship chimneys and sometimes used to refer to locomotive chimneys. Chimneys are tall
to increase their draw of air for combustion and to disperse pollutants in the flue
gases over a greater area so as to reduce the pollutant concentrations in compliance
with regulatory or other limits.
Generator : An alternator is an electromechanical device that
converts mechanical energy to alternating current electrical
energy. Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field.
Different geometries - such as a linear alternator for use
with stirling engines - are also occasionally used. In principle,
any AC generator can be called an alternator, but usually the
word refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive
and other internal combustion engines.

Transformers : It is a device that transfers electric energy

from one alternating-current circuit to one or more other
circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing (stepping
down) the voltage. Uses for transformers include reducing
the line voltage to operate low-voltage devices and raising the
voltage from electric generators so that electric power can be
transmitted over long distances. Transformers act through
electromagnetic induction; current in the primary coil induces
current in the secondary coil. The secondary voltage is
calculated by multiplying the primary voltage by the ratio of
the number of turns in the secondary coil to that in the
primary.
Monitoring and alarm system : Most of the power plant operational controls
are automatic. However, at times, manual intervention may be required. Thus,
the plant is provided with monitors and alarm systems that alert the plant
operators when certain operating parameters are seriously deviating from their
normal range.

Battery supplied emergency lighting and communication : A central battery

system consisting of lead acid cell units is provided to supply emergency
electric power, when needed, to essential items such as the power plant's
control systems, communication systems, turbine lube oil pumps, and
emergency lighting. This is essential for a safe, damage-free shutdown of the
units in an emergency situation.

Control Room and Switchyard : The control room monitors the overall
operation of the plant. It is provided with controls for real and reactive power
flow. It is provided with safety relays and switchgears.